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A white low polyphenol sorghum, a red-waxy starch sorghum, a red-tannin sorghum with moderate polyphenol levels, and a red non-tannin sorghum were evaluated for susceptibility to Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleopter: Bostrychidae), the lesser grain borer. Density levels of 0 (untreated controls), 10, 20, or 30 mixed-sex adults were exposed on 100 g replicates of each of the varieties and removed after two weeks. Progeny production and physical damage were evaluated on each variety, along with quality characteristics such as moisture content, protein, starch, phenolic content, and kernel vitreousity. Progeny production and physical damage varied with density level and variety, but was generally lowest on the red-waxy sorghum. At the density level of 30 parental adults more progeny were found in the red-tannin sorghum compared to the other varieties. Starch content, kernel vitreousity and hardness was lower in the red-tannin sorghum. Total phenolic content was 2–3x greater in the red-tannin sorghum compared to the other varieties, but the high phenolic content did not seem to affect R. dominica progeny production. Results suggest the insects bypassed the bran layer of the sorghum varieties to feed on the germ and endosperm. Results of this study could be used to further explore the relationships between kernel hardness, chemical composition, and susceptibility to stored product insects, and incorporate results into management programs for maintaining quality of stored sorghum and processed sorghum food by-products.
F.H. Arthur; S.R. Bean; D. Smolensky; S. Cox; H.H. Lin; K.H.S. Peiris; J. Peterson. Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: Quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 87, 101569 .
AMA StyleF.H. Arthur, S.R. Bean, D. Smolensky, S. Cox, H.H. Lin, K.H.S. Peiris, J. Peterson. Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: Quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 87 ():101569.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.H. Arthur; S.R. Bean; D. Smolensky; S. Cox; H.H. Lin; K.H.S. Peiris; J. Peterson. 2020. "Development of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) on sorghum: Quality characteristics and varietal susceptibility." Journal of Stored Products Research 87, no. : 101569.
Insect survival after exposure to 0 °C for 7 days was examined in laboratory bioassays for control of adults of six major stored-product beetle species, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), the sawtoothed grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, (Stephens), the rusty grain beetle, Dermestes maculatus DeGeer, the hide beetle, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, and T. confusum Jacquelin DuVal, the confused flour beetle In this test there were four different acclimation treatments, insects that had been subjected to a pre-acclimation period to 0 °C, a post-acclimation period, both a pre and post-acclimation period, and adults that were not acclimated. Insect survival for all species except S. oryzae was not affected by the exposure to 0 °C, regardless of the acclimation scenario. In contrast, exposure to 0 °C drastically reduced survival of S. oryzae. Moreover, adults that were exposed to the post-acclimation only and un-acclimated adults had lower survival rates than those that had either exposure to pre-acclimation, or to both pre- and post-acclimation. Results of this experiment show that acclimation played a limited role in adult survival of five of the six tested species, and that exposure of adults to 0 °C for 7 d had no effect in survival of these species as well.
Christos G. Athanassiou; Frank H. Arthur. Cool Down–Warm Up: Differential Responses of Stored Product Insects after Gradual Temperature Changes. Insects 2020, 11, 158 .
AMA StyleChristos G. Athanassiou, Frank H. Arthur. Cool Down–Warm Up: Differential Responses of Stored Product Insects after Gradual Temperature Changes. Insects. 2020; 11 (3):158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristos G. Athanassiou; Frank H. Arthur. 2020. "Cool Down–Warm Up: Differential Responses of Stored Product Insects after Gradual Temperature Changes." Insects 11, no. 3: 158.
Concrete arenas were treated with the low and high label rates of beta-cyfluthrin Tempo SC Ultra® (10 and 20 mg Active Ingredient [AI]/m2, respectively) and stored during the summer and autumn in two separate years inside an empty grain bin, inside a rice mill, and inside a laboratory at an approximate ambient temperature of 27 °C. Bioassays were conducted by removing the arenas at 0 (1 day) to 10 weeks post-treatment from the three locations where they were stored, and exposing adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, for 0.5–3 h on the arenas. Rapidity of knockdown was used to assess residual efficacy. Application rate was significant (P < 0.05) for rapidity of knockdown for the summer storage period but not for autumn (P ≥ 0.05). As the weeks progressed during summer, knockdown was progressively slower during the 0.5 to 3-h exposure period on arenas held inside the grain bin compared to the arenas inside the rice mill and the laboratory. During autumn the order was reversed for the grain bin and laboratory as the weeks progressed but at 10 weeks knockdown after 3 h was still much less on arenas held inside the bin and mill compared to the laboratory. Extreme high temperatures in the grain bin during the summer, and the fluctuating temperatures during autumn, may have promoted residual degradation on arenas held in the bin and mill compared to the constant temperatures in the laboratory. Results show that residual persistence of contact insecticides for control of stored product insects may be less on treated surfaces outside of a laboratory setting, and caution is warranted when predicting time periods for residual efficacy in sites that are outside of research laboratories with stable environmental conditions.
F.H. Arthur; L.A. Starkus; T. McKay. Degradation and residual efficacy of beta-cyfluthrin as a surface treatment for control of Tribolium castaneum Herbst: Effects of temperature and environment. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 84, 101514 .
AMA StyleF.H. Arthur, L.A. Starkus, T. McKay. Degradation and residual efficacy of beta-cyfluthrin as a surface treatment for control of Tribolium castaneum Herbst: Effects of temperature and environment. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 84 ():101514.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.H. Arthur; L.A. Starkus; T. McKay. 2019. "Degradation and residual efficacy of beta-cyfluthrin as a surface treatment for control of Tribolium castaneum Herbst: Effects of temperature and environment." Journal of Stored Products Research 84, no. : 101514.
A series of trials was conducted for an experiment. In the first trial, adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, the confused flour beetle, were exposed on concrete arenas and treated with a combination aerosol of pyrethrin + methoprene dispensed for 5, 10, and 20 min at particle sizes of 4, 8, 12, and 16 μm, inside an aerosol exposure chamber. Nearly all adult T. confusum were knocked down when immediately removed from the chamber. Among all the exposure time and particle size combinations, recovery increased as the post-exposure holding period increased from one to seven days and when adults were transferred to untreated dishes with flour. A second experiment evaluated the residual effect of the aerosol on concrete arenas at 1, 3, and 6 weeks using 3-4-week-old larvae of T. confusum. Adult emergence of exposed larvae decreased with increasing particle size and exposure time. A biological index that assessed development of exposed larvae to the pupal and adult stages was also related to particle size and exposure interval, and this index was correlated with adult emergence. A third set of experiments investigated effects of particle size on adult fecundity for the 10-min exposure time. Male and female adults were cross-mated: exposed female with exposed male, exposed female with unexposed male, exposed male with unexposed female, and unexposed female and unexposed male. Progeny production was reduced as particle size increased, and there were indications that females were affected more than males by the aerosol treatment. This research could be used to improve insect pest management programs by adjusting application equipment to dispense aerosols at particle sizes that give optimum control of exposed adults and residual control of immatures and would also benefit pest management programs.
Frank H. Arthur; Deanna Scheff; Daniel Brabec; Joseph Bindel. Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 83, 191 -199.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Deanna Scheff, Daniel Brabec, Joseph Bindel. Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 83 ():191-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Deanna Scheff; Daniel Brabec; Joseph Bindel. 2019. "Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 83, no. : 191-199.
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, is a cosmopolitan stored product insect that infests a variety of raw grains and processed grain products. Although this pest is prevalent in rice mills, there is a comparative lack of data on growth and development on rice by-products and fractions compared to other grains. In this study, ten mixed-sex adults were exposed on 200 g of either rice flour or brown rice, and populations were assessed after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months at 22, 27, or 32 °C. At 22 °C, the number of adults, pupae and larvae on rice flour and brown rice remained low throughout the 12-month storage period. At 27 °C, the number of adults on rice flour increased to a maximum at 8 months, while adult populations on brown rice remained relatively constant from 2 to 10 months, with few pupae or larvae in the samples. At 32 °C, adult populations on rice flour and brown rice were constant after month 2, with low numbers of pupae and larvae. Adult predation could have accounted for low numbers of pupae and larvae. Using the original 10-month data, populations were projected for an additional 14 months to predict population patterns. Adult numbers showed an increase over time at all temperatures on rice flour and brown rice at 22 °C but numbers seemed to stabilize at 27 and 32 °C. For both diets at 27 and 32 °C, projected pupae and larvae numbers remained steady but low compared to adults. However, populations would not be expected to increase indefinitely because at some point the resources would become limited and populations would crash or decline. Results show T. castaneum can deplete fixed resources such as bags of rice flour or brown rice when temperatures equal or exceed 27 °C.
Frank H. Arthur; Laura A. Starkus; Alison R. Gerken; James F. Campbell; Tanja McKay. Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 83, 73 -77.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Laura A. Starkus, Alison R. Gerken, James F. Campbell, Tanja McKay. Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 83 ():73-77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Laura A. Starkus; Alison R. Gerken; James F. Campbell; Tanja McKay. 2019. "Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature." Journal of Stored Products Research 83, no. : 73-77.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest and need for alternatives to structural fumigations, and one alternative that has been used across the industry is aerosol insecticides. Previous tests inside a pilot-scale mill demonstrated that aerosol particle size, delivery method, and the spatial configuration of the mill all influenced effectiveness. However, there is no research conducted inside large commercial facilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate a pyrethrin-plus-methoprene aerosol application inside a commercial mill on adult Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, confused flour beetle, directly exposed to the aerosol and residual effects on larvae. Additionally, five aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometers were placed in the facility and recorded instantaneous spray concentration and estimated aerosol deposition. Adult T. confusum exposed nearest to the aerosol application points had the highest percentage of affected adults (>60%). The aerosol also had vertical movement when released at the top of a three-story open room; instantaneous concentrations were recorded on the ground floor. The aerosol residual was highly effective after 6-weeks post aerosol exposure, as 80% of the bioassays did not have any adult emergence from exposed larvae. This research demonstrates a practical use of aerosol insecticides and their potential to be an effective alternative to structural fumigations.
Deanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects 2019, 10, 150 .
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Daniel Brabec, James F. Campbell, Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. 2019. "Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill." Insects 10, no. 5: 150.
New insecticide treatment options would be beneficial for control programs for Trogoderma granarium Everts, the khapra beetle, in the United States. Two insecticides were evaluated, the Polyzone® formulation of deltamethrin and a formulation of the insect growth regulator methoprene combined with deltamethrin and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. In the test with Polyzone® deltamethrin, concrete arenas were treated with a low and high rate, and held outside, inside a shed, or inside a lab. Compared to storage in the lab, residue degradation increased slightly in the shed, and then further outside, as evidenced by greater larval survival and adult emergence. Across all environmental treatments, the high rate was more effective than the lower rate. For the combination methoprene product, the effect of food contact with treated surfaces was examined. When treating arenas with food and transferring the food to clean dishes, there was no immediate effect on larval survival, but there was a reduction in survival and emergence to the adult stage after one month. For both tests, larvae apparently often went into diapause after they were introduced onto the treatment arenas. Both treatments could be utilized in management programs if T. granarium infestations are detected.
Frank H. Arthur; Michael J. Domingue; Deanna S. Scheff; Scott W. Myers. Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle. Insects 2019, 10, 145 .
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Michael J. Domingue, Deanna S. Scheff, Scott W. Myers. Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Michael J. Domingue; Deanna S. Scheff; Scott W. Myers. 2019. "Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle." Insects 10, no. 5: 145.
Residual effects of pyrethrin + methoprene aerosol dispensed at 4 and 16-µm particle sizes and an untreated control, was assessed against late-stage larvae of Trogoderma inclusum (LeConte), the larger cabinet beetle, and T. variabile (Ballion), the warehouse beetle. Treated arenas were stored at 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C and bioassays were conducted at 1, 3, or 6 weeks post-treatment. Larval development was monitored through adult emergence to compare the efficacy of treatments by using both the percentage of normal adult emergence and a developmental index as dependent variables. There was no overall effect of temperature on residual activity as measured using either adult emergence or developmental index values. Both the 4 and 16-µm particle sizes resulted in reduced adult emergence and low developmental index values compared to untreated controls. The insecticide was more effective on T. variabile than on T. inclusum. The impact of particle size varied between species, both particle sizes reduced adult emergence and developmental index in T. variabile, but only the 16-µm particle size resulted in reduction of adult emergence of T. inclusum. Furthermore, there was a reduction in activity of methoprene with residual exposure time. The variations in susceptibility of species to methoprene, differences in efficacy of particle sizes, and decrease in residual persistence at smaller particle sizes highlight the need for attaining optimal particle size to improve overall efficacy of aerosol mixtures containing methoprene.
Srinivas K. Lanka; Frank H. Arthur; James F. Campbell; Kun Yan Zhu. Evaluation of Residual Efficacy of Pyrethrin + Methoprene Aerosol on Two Dermestids: Impact of Particle Size, Species, and Temperature. Insects 2019, 10, 142 .
AMA StyleSrinivas K. Lanka, Frank H. Arthur, James F. Campbell, Kun Yan Zhu. Evaluation of Residual Efficacy of Pyrethrin + Methoprene Aerosol on Two Dermestids: Impact of Particle Size, Species, and Temperature. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSrinivas K. Lanka; Frank H. Arthur; James F. Campbell; Kun Yan Zhu. 2019. "Evaluation of Residual Efficacy of Pyrethrin + Methoprene Aerosol on Two Dermestids: Impact of Particle Size, Species, and Temperature." Insects 10, no. 5: 142.
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), is a beetle that is a member of a family that is primarily comprised of wood-boring insects, including forest insect pests. It is native to Mexico and Central America, where it has adapted to become a pest of stored maize. It was accidentally introduced into Africa in late 1970s, where it quickly spread throughout the sub-Saharan region, perhaps aided by adaptation to alternate hosts and the ability to persist in non-agricultural habitats. We used the correlative modelling algorithm, MaxEnt, to identify global areas of potential high suitability based on the climate locations with documented populations. Predictions using a model trained in Mexico + Central America showed potential high climatic suitability extending north into the southern United States and southward into South America, including parts of Argentina, but predictions using a model built from African occurrences did not include those areas as highly suitable. However, there was general agreement in both models that large areas of the tropics in the Western Hemisphere and in Asia have climatic conditions that could support P. truncatus if it were to become established. The models also showed consistency in capturing potential suitability at sites not used to build a given model. Results can be used as an initial guide to establish surveillance programs to monitor for this insect in high risk areas where it is not currently found, and to proactively mitigate the biosecurity risk from P. truncatus.
Frank H. Arthur; William R. Morrison Iii; Amy C. Morey. Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -10.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, William R. Morrison Iii, Amy C. Morey. Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; William R. Morrison Iii; Amy C. Morey. 2019. "Modeling the potential range expansion of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-10.
Fumigation of grain bins with phosphine tablets is one method of insect control for stored products. Monitoring the concentration of the toxic gas at many locations over several days for a given structure or container can be challenging. In this study, a commercially-available system that wirelessly measures phosphine was evaluated in small-scale and large-scale tests. Small-scale testing was performed to study the repeatability and accuracy of the sensors. The wireless sensors were within 30 ppm of each other, over a range of 700 ppm phosphine. Large-scale testing evaluated the system during the fumigation of wheat stored in 7 m diameter, 120 metric ton, steel grain bins. As a reference, monitoring lines were distributed at several positions and depths in the bin in order to sample phosphine gas concentrations. A series of three fumigation trials were performed, with each lasting for over six days. The wireless devices collected local phosphine concentrations and temperatures every two hours without assistance from personnel. Although the fumigation trials were significantly different in terms of patterns in gas concentration over time, the two sampling methods gave similar trendlines. However, the automated data provided a more detailed picture of the fumigation process. This information may help fumigation managers to better evaluate fumigations and assure successful insect control.
Daniel Brabec; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Mark Casada; Dennis Tilley; Sotiris Bantas. Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins. Insects 2019, 10, 121 .
AMA StyleDaniel Brabec, James Campbell, Frank Arthur, Mark Casada, Dennis Tilley, Sotiris Bantas. Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Brabec; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Mark Casada; Dennis Tilley; Sotiris Bantas. 2019. "Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins." Insects 10, no. 5: 121.
Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.), the lesser grain borer, and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), the Angoumois grain moth, are internally feeding stored product insects that can infest raw grains. In this test, brown rice was treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of a new emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of the pyrethroid deltamethrin and stored for 12 months. One day after treatment, and every 3 months for 12 months, treated rice was mixed with untreated brown rice in the following ratios: 0:100 (untreated controls), 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (all treated). Bioassays were conducted by exposing 10 parental adults of each species on the rice mixtures and assessing progeny production, feeding damage, and weight loss. The progeny of S. cerealella ranged from 105.6 F₁ adults on untreated brown rice to 69.4 F₁ adults on 100% treated rice, but there was little feeding damage or weight loss. The progeny production of R. dominica declined from 177.4 F₁ adults on untreated rice to 9.8 F₁ adults on 100% treated rice. Weight loss and feeding damage were correlated with progeny production. The results show that the new deltamethrin formulation could be used for protection of brown rice, but S. cerealella may be less susceptible to deltamethrin compared to R. dominica.
Frank H. Arthur. Residual Efficacy of a Deltamethrin Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) after Partial Treatment of Brown Rice. Insects 2019, 10, 95 .
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur. Residual Efficacy of a Deltamethrin Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) after Partial Treatment of Brown Rice. Insects. 2019; 10 (4):95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur. 2019. "Residual Efficacy of a Deltamethrin Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) after Partial Treatment of Brown Rice." Insects 10, no. 4: 95.
There is a large suite of insects that attack anthropogenic agricultural goods after harvest. Proper sanitation programs for food facilities are now recognized as the foundation of good integrated pest management (IPM) programs for stored products throughout the post-harvest supply chain. While good sanitation programs are generally thought to reduce the abundance and diversity of insects, there has been less appreciation of the manifold ways that sanitation interacts with a range of other IPM tactics to modulate their efficacy. Here, we review the literature on how the effectiveness of chemical, physical/cultural, biological, and behaviorally-based control tactics varies with changes in sanitation. In addition, we discuss how sanitation may affect ongoing pheromone- and kairomone-based monitoring programs. Where possible, we quantitatively compile and analyze the impact of sanitation on the fold-change in the efficacy of IPM tactics. We found that decreased sanitation negatively affected the efficacy of most tactics examined, with a mean 1.3–17-fold decrease in efficacy under poorer sanitation compared to better sanitation. Sanitation had neutral or mixed impacts on a few tactics as well. Overall, the literature suggests that sanitation should be of the utmost importance for food facility managers concerned about the efficacy of a wide range of management tactics.
William R. Morrison; Alexander Bruce; Rachel V. Wilkins; Chloe E. Albin; Frank H. Arthur. Sanitation Improves Stored Product Insect Pest Management. Insects 2019, 10, 77 .
AMA StyleWilliam R. Morrison, Alexander Bruce, Rachel V. Wilkins, Chloe E. Albin, Frank H. Arthur. Sanitation Improves Stored Product Insect Pest Management. Insects. 2019; 10 (3):77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam R. Morrison; Alexander Bruce; Rachel V. Wilkins; Chloe E. Albin; Frank H. Arthur. 2019. "Sanitation Improves Stored Product Insect Pest Management." Insects 10, no. 3: 77.
Insect pests and fungal pathogens can cause extensive product losses and pose health risks in sub-Saharan Africa. In this experiment, maize stored as de-husked cobs or shelled maize in a ventilated crib and a metal bin, and in bags in warehouses, was monitored monthly in Ghana from October of 2015 to December of 2015 (the major season) and from January to April of 2016 (the minor season). Temperature, moisture content, insect pests, and associated damage were assessed monthly, and samples were taken in October, December, January, and April for mycotoxin analyses. Moisture content, which ranged from 9 to 15% during the year was occasionally greater in the bin and warehouse compared to the crib, and greater in months associated with the major season compared to other months. Temperatures varied with season but were generally warmer in the bin compared to the warehouse and crib. The predominant insect collected was Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), with the lowest populations in the crib, but in each structure the populations were about 10x greater in the major season compared to the minor season. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) was the second most-prevalent species, but populations of this species were greater in the crib compared to the bin or warehouse. Scattered populations of other stored product insects were collected from the maize samples and in pheromone traps. Percentage insect damaged kernels (IDK) and weight loss were also greater in samples from months where S. zeamais was present. Aflatoxin was above 10 ppb only in the warehouse in December, while fumonisin levels in all the storage structures were <0.5 ppm for all months. Results show that maize stored during the major season in Ghana is at risk from insect damage, and metal bins could be utilized more frequently for storage.
J.K. Danso; E.A. Osekre; G.P. Opit; F.H. Arthur; J.F. Campbell; G. Mbata; N. Manu; P. Armstrong; S.G. McNeill. Impact of storage structures on moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize in Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 81, 114 -120.
AMA StyleJ.K. Danso, E.A. Osekre, G.P. Opit, F.H. Arthur, J.F. Campbell, G. Mbata, N. Manu, P. Armstrong, S.G. McNeill. Impact of storage structures on moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize in Ghana. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 81 ():114-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.K. Danso; E.A. Osekre; G.P. Opit; F.H. Arthur; J.F. Campbell; G. Mbata; N. Manu; P. Armstrong; S.G. McNeill. 2019. "Impact of storage structures on moisture content, insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize in Ghana." Journal of Stored Products Research 81, no. : 114-120.
Wheat, corn, and brown rice were treated with different combinations of a deltamethrin suspension concentrate (SC) formulation and a new emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation, at rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 ppm alone or in combination with 1.25 and 2.5 ppm methoprene (10 treatments in all, including an untreated control). Treated commodities were stored at ambient conditions on the floor of an empty grain bin in Manhattan, KS, USA, in 5-kg lots for individual replicates. The commodities were sampled and bio-assayed every three months for 15 months by exposing 10 mixed-sex parental adults of selected adult stored product insects on 70–80 g of the commodity. For all treatments, there was no regression of declining efficacy with respect to the month. Therefore, the data were combined for analysis. On wheat and brown rice, there was no reproduction of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in any of the treatments, and there was no weight loss in either commodity that was caused by feeding of the parental adults or developing progeny. There was reproduction of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on wheat but, for several combinations, the EC formulation gave better suppression of progeny compared to the standard SC. However, on brown rice, only the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene was different than other treatments with respect to progeny development, sample weight loss caused by feeding, and weight of the feeding damage itself. Progeny production was correlated with grain damage. No progeny of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) developed on the treated corn, but there was some variation in insect damage, with less damage in those treatments involving the EC formulation. Progeny production of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) was at the lowest in the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene. The resulting insect damage was the lowest in this combination as well. Results of this study were used by the registrant (Central Life Sciences) in the United States (US) to modify the commercial formulation to replace the deltamethrin SC with the EC, at label rates of either 0.5 ppm EC+ 1.25 ppm methoprene, or 1.0 ppm EC + 2.5 ppm methoprene, on wheat, corn, and rice.
Frank H. Arthur. Efficacy of Combinations of Methoprene and Deltamethrin as Long-Term Commodity Protectants. Insects 2019, 10, 50 .
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur. Efficacy of Combinations of Methoprene and Deltamethrin as Long-Term Commodity Protectants. Insects. 2019; 10 (2):50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur. 2019. "Efficacy of Combinations of Methoprene and Deltamethrin as Long-Term Commodity Protectants." Insects 10, no. 2: 50.
Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, was assessed on different rice components and their various by-products (i.e., diets) commonly found in rice mills, in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, eggs did not develop through to the adult stage on rough rice hulls, paddy rice dust, and milled rice dust, while eggs developed to the adult stage to some extent on rice flour, milled whole kernels, brown rice, milled broken kernels, and bran. For the diets where development occurred, the lowest percentage was on brown rice, and adults that emerged on brown rice had smaller elytra compared to adults emerging on the other diets. In the second experiment, 1–2-day old neonates were exposed on the diets listed above and held at 22, 27, 32, and 37 °C. At all temperatures, development to the pupal and adult stages was slowest on rice flour. At 22 °C, development to those stages took about twice as long compared to development at 27 °C. As temperature increased developmental times were reduced. Even though neonates developed slowest on rice flour adult emergence rates were not affected. Predictive models were used to estimate potential population development on the diets. At 22 and 27 °C, adult size as measured by elytra length was greatest when they developed on bran, while body weight was generally lowest for adults that developed on brown rice. Results show that T. castaneum can utilize rice components and by-products produced during the rice milling process, although not all components or by-products were optimal for development, and emphasis should be placed on cleaning and sanitation to remove food sources to limit infestations. Mill managers can use these results to show the importance of sanitation, and potentially improve overall pest management programs inside the mill.
Frank H. Arthur; Brook A. Hale; Laura A. Starkus; Alison R. Gerken; James F. Campbell; Tanja McKay. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on rice milling components and by-products: Effects of diet and temperature. Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 80, 85 -92.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Brook A. Hale, Laura A. Starkus, Alison R. Gerken, James F. Campbell, Tanja McKay. Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on rice milling components and by-products: Effects of diet and temperature. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 80 ():85-92.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Brook A. Hale; Laura A. Starkus; Alison R. Gerken; James F. Campbell; Tanja McKay. 2018. "Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on rice milling components and by-products: Effects of diet and temperature." Journal of Stored Products Research 80, no. : 85-92.
Stored products represent an enormous economic output, but insects regularly immigrate into stored products from the surrounding landscape throughout the postharvest supply chain. Long-lasting insecticide-incorporatednetting (LLIN), which usually contains an incorporated pyrethroid, has been used as part of a strategy to reduce the spread of malaria in tropical regions since the 1990s and has only recently been considered for its application in pre- and postharvest agricultural contexts. The goal of this study was to determine how short-term exposure to LLINs in the laboratory impacts the locomotory behavior and mortality for adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) red flour beetle, and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fauvel), (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) lesser grain borer, at different periods of time after exposure. Exposure to LLINs resulted in multiple-fold reductions in the distance moved and elevated angular velocity in both species that quickly took effect and persisted even after 168 h compared with adults exposed to control netting. R. dominica was somewhat more susceptible than T. castaneum to LLINs. Finally, the dispersal capacity of both species, measured as ability to move to a remote resource patch, was significantly impaired or absent after exposure to LLINs compared to adults exposed to control netting. Our results demonstrate that LLINs are a promising new technology for reducing infestation by stored product insects since even short exposures limit movement and ultimately lead to knockdown and death.
William R Morrison; Rachel V Wilkins; Alison R Gerken; Deanna Scheff; Kun Yan Zhu; Frank H Arthur; James F Campbell. Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting. Journal of Economic Entomology 2018, 111, 2443 -2453.
AMA StyleWilliam R Morrison, Rachel V Wilkins, Alison R Gerken, Deanna Scheff, Kun Yan Zhu, Frank H Arthur, James F Campbell. Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (5):2443-2453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam R Morrison; Rachel V Wilkins; Alison R Gerken; Deanna Scheff; Kun Yan Zhu; Frank H Arthur; James F Campbell. 2018. "Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 5: 2443-2453.
Deanna S Scheff; James F Campbell; Frank H Arthur. Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults. Journal of Economic Entomology 2018, 111, 2435 -2442.
AMA StyleDeanna S Scheff, James F Campbell, Frank H Arthur. Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (5):2435-2442.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S Scheff; James F Campbell; Frank H Arthur. 2018. "Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 5: 2435-2442.
The term “novel insecticides” is practically a vague approach, as it can be regarded as a category that includes the insecticides with a novel mode of action, but also insecticides that are novel in terms of their low mammalian toxicity but also their environmental-friendly profile. Under this context, it is difficult to identify active ingredients that are novel and separate them from the “traditional” substances, which include insecticides such as organophosphorous (OP) compounds, carbamates, and pyrethroids, since many of them, such as some pyrethroids, have low mammalian toxicity. Hence, there are certain substances that are compatible with these profile, but, in terms of their discovery and use as not new, but their use fulfills certain low-risk requirements. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent development of contact insecticides, i.e., the insecticides that cause death to insects through contact or digestion, regardless of the way that these insecticides are applied e.g., in the surfaces or directly on the grain. Although there are numerous substances that fall into the category of “novel insecticides” in postharvest applications, in the following we will refer to those which are already registered for this purpose, are close to registration or they are closely related with already registered active ingredients. These can be summarized in two broad categories: bacterial-based insecticides and inert materials. Other major categories of insecticides are covered in other chapters of this book.
Christos G. Athanassiou; Frank H. Arthur. Bacterial Insecticides and Inert Materials. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection 2018, 83 -98.
AMA StyleChristos G. Athanassiou, Frank H. Arthur. Bacterial Insecticides and Inert Materials. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection. 2018; ():83-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristos G. Athanassiou; Frank H. Arthur. 2018. "Bacterial Insecticides and Inert Materials." Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection , no. : 83-98.
Stored product insects represent a diverse group of species that can infest raw grains but also can infest structures associated with the milling, processing, storage, and distribution of finished grains and grain-based products. One of the recent developments in managing these insects is documenting the extensive presence of these insects in and around milling, processing, and warehouse facilities (Semaeo et al. 2013), which represents a new awareness of the infestation potential.
Frank H. Arthur. Structural Pest Management for Stored Product Insects. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection 2018, 65 -81.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur. Structural Pest Management for Stored Product Insects. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection. 2018; ():65-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur. 2018. "Structural Pest Management for Stored Product Insects." Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection , no. : 65-81.
Once cereal grain is harvested and put into storage, it provides a resource for a range of insect pests of stored grain. With few exceptions, these insects rarely attack grain in the field before harvest, but once the grain is in storage there is a degree of inevitability that insect infestation will occur. This means that methods are needed to either disinfest grain or to protect it from infestation during storage. The aim of this chapter is to review recent advances in insect pest management in stored grain, ranging from methods that are well established to those that are still being evaluated. This topic has been the subject of considerable laboratory and field research as evidenced by the large and growing body of published studies. Resistance to phosphine resistance and various insecticides, as well as the phase-out of methyl bromide as an ozone-depleting substance, continue to be major drivers for research on management of insects in stored products. Other research has focussed on improving the basic understanding of various methods or ways of improving methods currently in use. Despite extensive research on a wide variety of chemical and non-chemical treatments, very few have been commercialised. Two examples are spinosad, which has been registered as a grain protectant, and sulfuryl fluoride, which is now available as a grain fumigant. The interest in non-chemical treatments, especially aeration cooling, is encouraging. In general, integrated pest management is seen as the goal of entomologists, requiring the strategic integration of multiple methods to provide maximum effect with minimal health and environmental risks. Some of the chemical and non-chemical treatments reviewed in this chapter have great potential to be used as part of an integrated approach.
Gregory J. Daglish; Manoj K. Nayak; Frank H. Arthur; Christos G. Athanassiou. Insect Pest Management in Stored Grain. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection 2018, 45 -63.
AMA StyleGregory J. Daglish, Manoj K. Nayak, Frank H. Arthur, Christos G. Athanassiou. Insect Pest Management in Stored Grain. Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection. 2018; ():45-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGregory J. Daglish; Manoj K. Nayak; Frank H. Arthur; Christos G. Athanassiou. 2018. "Insect Pest Management in Stored Grain." Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection , no. : 45-63.