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Dr. William Morrison
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA

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0 Behavioral Ecology
0 Biological Control
0 Chemical Ecology
0 Ecological Modeling
0 Integrated Pest Management

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Cover image
Published: 13 May 2021 in Pest Management Science
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The back cover image is based on the Review Towards developing areawide semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects by William R Morrison III et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6289.

ACS Style

William R Morrison Iii; Erin D Scully; James F Campbell. Back Cover Image, Volume 77, Issue 6. Pest Management Science 2021, 77, 1 .

AMA Style

William R Morrison Iii, Erin D Scully, James F Campbell. Back Cover Image, Volume 77, Issue 6. Pest Management Science. 2021; 77 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William R Morrison Iii; Erin D Scully; James F Campbell. 2021. "Back Cover Image, Volume 77, Issue 6." Pest Management Science 77, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2021 in Insects
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The invasive Halyomorpha halys invades crop fields from various bordering habitats, and its feeding on crops has caused significant economic losses. Thus, H. halys is considered a perimeter-driven threat, and research on alternative management tactics against it has focused on intervention at crop edges. Woodlands adjacent to crop fields contain many hosts of H. halys and are therefore considered “riskiest” in terms of pest pressure and crop injury. However, tree fruit orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA, are often bordered on one or more sides by woodlands and other habitats, including other tree fruit blocks, and field crops. Monitoring H. halys using pheromone traps has most often focused on the crop–woodland interface, but the relative effects of woodlands and other habitats bordering orchards on pest pressure and crop injury have not been examined. A two-year study comparing seasonal captures of H. halys and fruit injury among different habitats bordering commercial apple and peach orchards in the Mid-Atlantic revealed that while woodland borders often posed the greatest risk, other border habitats also contributed significantly to captures and injury in numerous instances. The relevance of these findings to refining and optimizing perimeter-based monitoring and management approaches for H. halys is discussed.

ACS Style

James Bergh; William Morrison; Jon Stallrich; Brent Short; John Cullum; Tracy Leskey. Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA. Insects 2021, 12, 419 .

AMA Style

James Bergh, William Morrison, Jon Stallrich, Brent Short, John Cullum, Tracy Leskey. Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA. Insects. 2021; 12 (5):419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Bergh; William Morrison; Jon Stallrich; Brent Short; John Cullum; Tracy Leskey. 2021. "Border Habitat Effects on Captures of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Pheromone Traps and Fruit Injury at Harvest in Apple and Peach Orchards in the Mid-Atlantic, USA." Insects 12, no. 5: 419.

Review
Published: 28 April 2021 in Insects
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Microbes are ubiquitous and play important ecological roles in a variety of habitats. While research has been largely focused on arthropods and microbes separately in the post-harvest supply chain, less attention has been paid to their interactions with each other. Up to this point, there has been no attempt to systematically describe the patterns of behavioral responses by stored-product insects to microbially produced volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). Thus, our aims were to evaluate whether stored-product arthropods were primarily and significantly attracted, repelled, or had a net neutral effect (e.g., unaffected or mixed) by MVOCs presented as (1) complex headspace blends or (2) single constituents and known mixtures. In total, we found 43 articles that contained 384 sets of tests with different combinations of methodology and/or qualitative findings, describing the behavioral responses of 24 stored-product arthropod species from two classes, four orders, and 14 families to 58 individual microbial compounds and the complex headspace blends from at least 78 microbial taxa. A total of five and four stored-product arthropod species were significantly attracted and repelled by MVOCs across odor sources, respectively, while 13 were unaffected or exhibited mixed effects. We summarize the biases in the literature, including that the majority of tests have occurred in the laboratory with a limited subset of methodology and has largely only assessed the preference of adult arthropods. Finally, we identify foundational hypotheses for the roles that MVOCs play for stored-product arthropods as well as gaps in research and future directions, while highlighting that the behavioral responses to MVOCs are complex, context-, and taxon-dependent, which warrants further investigation.

ACS Style

Marco Ponce; Tania Kim; William Morrison Iii. A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Responses by Stored-Product Arthropods to Individual or Blends of Microbially Produced Volatile Cues. Insects 2021, 12, 391 .

AMA Style

Marco Ponce, Tania Kim, William Morrison Iii. A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Responses by Stored-Product Arthropods to Individual or Blends of Microbially Produced Volatile Cues. Insects. 2021; 12 (5):391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Ponce; Tania Kim; William Morrison Iii. 2021. "A Systematic Review of the Behavioral Responses by Stored-Product Arthropods to Individual or Blends of Microbially Produced Volatile Cues." Insects 12, no. 5: 391.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2021 in Environmental Entomology
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Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is an invasive pest in the United States and other countries. In its native range, H. halys eggs are parasitized by a co-evolved parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead). In the United States, T. japonicus, a classical biological control candidate, is being redistributed in many states where adventive populations exist. To establish if H. halys egg holding conditions affect T. japonicus foraging behavior or successful parasitism, naïve, female parasitoids from an adventive population were allowed to forage in laboratory bioassay arenas with either fresh or frozen (−20 or −80°C) egg masses, the latter held for five durations ranging from 1 h to 112 d. Parasitoid movements were recorded for 1 h. Thereafter, parasitoids were transferred with the same egg mass for 23 h. Additionally, female parasitoids from a quarantine colony were exposed to: 1) pairs of fresh egg masses and egg masses frozen at −40°C (>24 h) or 2) a single fresh egg mass or egg mass frozen at −40°C (<1 h). All exposed egg masses were held to assess progeny emergence. In the foraging bioassay, holding temperature and storage duration appeared to influence host-finding and host quality. Egg masses held at −80°C and fresh egg masses resulted in significantly greater levels of parasitism and progeny emergence compared with eggs held at −20°C. No differences were recorded between egg masses held at −40°C for ≤1 h and fresh egg masses. These results will help refine methods for preparation of egg masses for sentinel monitoring and parasitoid mass rearing protocols.

ACS Style

Dalton C Ludwick; Layne B Leake; William R Morrison; Jesús R Lara; Mark S Hoddle; Elijah J Talamas; Tracy C Leskey. Influence of Holding Conditions and Storage Duration of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Adventive and Quarantine Populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Behavior and Parasitism Success. Environmental Entomology 2021, 50, 550 -560.

AMA Style

Dalton C Ludwick, Layne B Leake, William R Morrison, Jesús R Lara, Mark S Hoddle, Elijah J Talamas, Tracy C Leskey. Influence of Holding Conditions and Storage Duration of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Adventive and Quarantine Populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Behavior and Parasitism Success. Environmental Entomology. 2021; 50 (3):550-560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dalton C Ludwick; Layne B Leake; William R Morrison; Jesús R Lara; Mark S Hoddle; Elijah J Talamas; Tracy C Leskey. 2021. "Influence of Holding Conditions and Storage Duration of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Eggs on Adventive and Quarantine Populations of Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Behavior and Parasitism Success." Environmental Entomology 50, no. 3: 550-560.

Review
Published: 22 January 2021 in Pest Management Science
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With less emphasis on fumigation after harvest, due to the phase‐out of methyl bromide and increasing phosphine resistance, diversified postharvest integrated pest management (IPM) programs are needed. Here, we synthesize knowledge on semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based tactics, wherein semiochemicals are deployed to manipulate pest behavior to protect commodities. We note that beyond monitoring, commercial use is limited to mating disruption targeting mostly moths. In total, behaviorally‐based tactics have been attempted for eight species of stored product insects from two orders and six families. Eighteen challenges were identified that may have prevented robust implementation of semiochemicals for behaviorally‐based management in stored products, including direct competition with ubiquitous food cues, and the diverse insect assemblages that colonize food facilities. Further, we discuss the scientific data and methods required to support stakeholder acceptance of semiochemicals at food facilities, including demonstrating that pests are not attracted from the landscape and minimal spillover around pheromones. We sketch a robust areawide behaviorally‐based IPM program after harvest, and clarify properties for improving semiochemicals, including incorporating those that are broad spectrum, competitive with food cues, potent at low concentration, and exhibit dose‐dependent attraction. The research gaps and testable hypotheses described here will speed developing behaviorally‐based tactics at food facilities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

ACS Style

William R Morrison Iii; Erin D Scully; James F Campbell. Towards developing areawide semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects. Pest Management Science 2021, 77, 2667 -2682.

AMA Style

William R Morrison Iii, Erin D Scully, James F Campbell. Towards developing areawide semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects. Pest Management Science. 2021; 77 (6):2667-2682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William R Morrison Iii; Erin D Scully; James F Campbell. 2021. "Towards developing areawide semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects." Pest Management Science 77, no. 6: 2667-2682.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Within integrated pest management options, fumigation of stored products is one method to help control post-harvest insect infestations in our food and agricultural products. Fumigant gas concentration monitoring is important to confirm that the treatment was adequate to achieve the desired insect control, but monitoring can be relatively expensive and labor intensive. This study evaluated how accurately dosimeter tubes could monitor phosphine fumigation treatments. The dosimeter tube is designed to continuously react with phosphine gas during the fumigation period and yields a measurement in terms of concentration ∗ time product or CT, which can be interpreted as cumulative exposure. Two models of dosimeter tubes were evaluated (high range and low range). The reference method for these trials were wireless phosphine monitoring sensors, which recorded gas concentrations at hourly intervals during an exposure, and from this a CT product was also calculated. Model LPG-1, high-range dosimeter tube, measured within ± 25% of the phosphine monitoring sensors for CT dosages less the 70,000 ppm∗hr. Model LPG-2, low-range tube, tended to significantly over-estimate phosphine CT dosage by 50%–100% of the phosphine monitoring sensor references. Secondly, bioassays of fumigant efficacy were performed using susceptible and resistant adult Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), lesser grain borers, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), red flour beetle, for estimating insect control at the varied fumigation CT treatments. For the susceptible strains, CT dosages ∼5000 ppm∗hr controlled both species. However, the insect control varied from 60% to 100% for resistant adults at CT dosages of ∼20,000 ppm∗hr. The dosimeter tubes function in these ranges of dosages where each insect species are controlled and the dosimeter tube model LPG-1 provides reasonable estimates of the fumigation dosage for a given treatment level.

ACS Style

Daniel Brabec; William Morrison; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Alex Bruce; Kathleen Yeater. Evaluation of dosimeter tubes for monitoring phosphine fumigations. Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 91, 101762 .

AMA Style

Daniel Brabec, William Morrison, James Campbell, Frank Arthur, Alex Bruce, Kathleen Yeater. Evaluation of dosimeter tubes for monitoring phosphine fumigations. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 91 ():101762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Brabec; William Morrison; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Alex Bruce; Kathleen Yeater. 2021. "Evaluation of dosimeter tubes for monitoring phosphine fumigations." Journal of Stored Products Research 91, no. : 101762.

Research article
Published: 19 December 2020 in Pest Management Science
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BACKGROUND There has been a push to diversify integrated pest management (IPM) programs away from exclusive fumigant use in food facilities. Residual insecticides increasingly have been included among plans. In stored products, sublethal toxicity has been neglected in favor of evaluating direct mortality. Here, we evaluated the movement of Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais in response to aged residues of an existing (Diacon IGR+® with 11.4% methoprene + 4.75% deltamethrin) and novel (Gravista® with 2.85% methoprene + 1.2% deltamethrin + 33.3% piperonyl butoxide synergist) residual insecticide. RESULTS Using the maximum labeled rate and two exposure times for each species, we assessed distance moved and velocity on wheat, rice and corn. Assessments were made from commodity residues aged between 0 and 12 months (at 3‐month intervals). We found that after exposure, movement was reduced by 50–88% and equally by adults exposed to each insecticide formulation compared to untreated controls. After initial application, predicted distance moved increased from 4 to 14 m then 28 m in a 24 h period at 3 and 12 months post‐application, respectively. Effectiveness of each insecticide at suppressing movement generally declined by 9–12 month post‐application. CONCLUSIONS Given the quick and dramatic increases in sublethal movement after initial application, our results suggest that sanitation programs in post‐harvest environments are extremely important and it may be beneficial to pair chemical control with monitoring to prevent dispersal of affected insects to new areas of a facility.

ACS Style

William R Morrison Iii; Frank H Arthur; Alexander Bruce. Characterizing and predicting sublethal shifts in mobility by multiple stored product insects over time to an old and novel contact insecticide in three key stored commodities. Pest Management Science 2020, 77, 1990 -2006.

AMA Style

William R Morrison Iii, Frank H Arthur, Alexander Bruce. Characterizing and predicting sublethal shifts in mobility by multiple stored product insects over time to an old and novel contact insecticide in three key stored commodities. Pest Management Science. 2020; 77 (4):1990-2006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William R Morrison Iii; Frank H Arthur; Alexander Bruce. 2020. "Characterizing and predicting sublethal shifts in mobility by multiple stored product insects over time to an old and novel contact insecticide in three key stored commodities." Pest Management Science 77, no. 4: 1990-2006.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Agronomy
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Wheat is one of the major crops throughout the Balkan peninsula of Europe. Specific harvest and binning dates can vary depending on the specific geographic region. Grain aeration, wherein ambient air is used at low-volume airflow rates to cool a grain mass to levels that will suppress insect population development, is an under-utilized component of pest management plans for stored wheat. The successful use of aeration can potentially reduce fumigation of stored wheat, which will contribute to the amelioration of increasingly prevalent phosphine resistance. Historical weather data were used from 19 sites in the Balkan region to predict how quickly grains could be cooled through the use of aeration, using a web-based aeration model, and three different starting dates, including 1, 15, and 30 July. The model was used to predict population growth and development of Sitophilus oryzae, the rice weevil, with and without the use of aeration. Results show that, in the northern regions of the Balkans, aeration implemented at the start of binning reduced insect populations far below pest levels in unaerated wheat, and may potentially eliminate the need for fumigations. In more southerly regions, additional chemical inputs, such as fumigation or grain protectants, may be necessary in conjunction with aeration. Results provide guidelines for the increased potential of using aeration for the management of wheat produced and stored in the Balkan peninsula.

ACS Style

William R. Morrison; Frank H. Arthur; Lloyd Ted Wilson; Yubin Yang; Jing Wang; Christos G. Athanassiou. Aeration to Manage Insects in Wheat Stored in the Balkan Peninsula: Computer Simulations Using Historical Weather Data. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1927 .

AMA Style

William R. Morrison, Frank H. Arthur, Lloyd Ted Wilson, Yubin Yang, Jing Wang, Christos G. Athanassiou. Aeration to Manage Insects in Wheat Stored in the Balkan Peninsula: Computer Simulations Using Historical Weather Data. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (12):1927.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William R. Morrison; Frank H. Arthur; Lloyd Ted Wilson; Yubin Yang; Jing Wang; Christos G. Athanassiou. 2020. "Aeration to Manage Insects in Wheat Stored in the Balkan Peninsula: Computer Simulations Using Historical Weather Data." Agronomy 10, no. 12: 1927.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2020 in Insects
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Mating disruption of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using its sex pheromone components, (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA), is successful in its population management. In addition, botanical oils have extensively been investigated in stored product pest management, but the effect of synthetic sex pheromones on the mating of C. cautella in the presence of plant volatiles is still unknown. Spinosad is used in food facilities as a contact insecticide but, if C. cautella larvae burrow into food, they may escape from spinosad. Importantly, the impact of spinosad on burrowing ability of C. cautella remains unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sex pheromone components ZETA and ZTA in the presence of botanical oils on the mating of C. cautella and the burrowing ability of C. cautella larvae in different types of flour treated with spinosad. In the first study, male and female moths were introduced into the cubicle having botanical oils and pheromone components. The mating status of female moths and male moth attraction to the trap was determined. The control experiments had only the botanical oils or pheromones. In the second study, burrowing ability of C. cautella larvae through different flour types was evaluated over 10 d. The flour was sprayed with spinosad (treatments) or water (controls). The mating success was higher with botanical oils alone but declined with exposure to pheromone either alone or combined with botanical oils. No differences in male attraction to traps were observed in botanical only, pheromone only or pheromone + botanical oil treatments. The burrowing of C. cautella larvae differed with flour type and spinosad altered burrowing ability. Thus, we conclude that the mating and burrowing of C. cautella is influenced by its pheromone and by exposure to botanicals and spinosad.

ACS Style

Abeysinghe M. P. Sammani; Dissanayaka M. S. K. Dissanayaka; Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne; Thushara C. Bamunuarachchige; William R. Morrison. Effect of Pheromones, Plant Volatiles and Spinosad on Mating, Male Attraction and Burrowing of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insects 2020, 11, 845 .

AMA Style

Abeysinghe M. P. Sammani, Dissanayaka M. S. K. Dissanayaka, Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne, Thushara C. Bamunuarachchige, William R. Morrison. Effect of Pheromones, Plant Volatiles and Spinosad on Mating, Male Attraction and Burrowing of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insects. 2020; 11 (12):845.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abeysinghe M. P. Sammani; Dissanayaka M. S. K. Dissanayaka; Leanage K. W. Wijayaratne; Thushara C. Bamunuarachchige; William R. Morrison. 2020. "Effect of Pheromones, Plant Volatiles and Spinosad on Mating, Male Attraction and Burrowing of Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Insects 11, no. 12: 845.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Royal Society Open Science
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The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is regarded as one of the world's most pernicious invasive pest species, as it feeds on a wide range of economically important crops. During the autumn dispersal period, H. halys ultimately moves to potential overwintering sites, such as human-made structures or trees where it will alight and seek out a final overwintering location, often aggregating with other adults. The cues used during this process are unknown, but may involve vibrational signals. We evaluated whether vibrational signals regulate cluster aggregation in H. haly s in overwintering site selection. We collected acoustic data for six weeks during the autumn dispersal period and used it to quantify movement and detect vibrational communication of individuals colonizing overwintering shelters. Both movement and vibrational signal production increased after the second week, reaching their maxima in week four, before decaying again. We found that only males produced vibrations in this context, yet there was no correlation between movement and vibrational signals , which was confirmed through playback experiments. The cues regulating the formation of aggregations remain largely unknown, but vibrations may indicate group size.

ACS Style

Carol L. Bedoya; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Michael Hayes; Tracy C. Leskey; William R. Morrison; Kevin B. Rice; Ximena J. Nelson. Brown marmorated stink bug overwintering aggregations are not regulated through vibrational signals during autumn dispersal. Royal Society Open Science 2020, 7, 201371 .

AMA Style

Carol L. Bedoya, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Michael Hayes, Tracy C. Leskey, William R. Morrison, Kevin B. Rice, Ximena J. Nelson. Brown marmorated stink bug overwintering aggregations are not regulated through vibrational signals during autumn dispersal. Royal Society Open Science. 2020; 7 (11):201371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carol L. Bedoya; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Michael Hayes; Tracy C. Leskey; William R. Morrison; Kevin B. Rice; Ximena J. Nelson. 2020. "Brown marmorated stink bug overwintering aggregations are not regulated through vibrational signals during autumn dispersal." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 11: 201371.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Journal of Insect Science
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The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker), a key pest of storage facilities, is difficult to manage using synthetic chemicals. Pheromone-based management methods remain a high priority due to advantages over conventional management practices, which typically use insecticides. Cadra cautella females release a blend of pheromone including (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-9-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (ZTA). The effect of these components on mating of C. cautella and how response varies with the population density and sex ratio remain unknown. In this study, the mating status of C. cautella was studied inside mating cages under different ratios of ZETA and ZTA diluted in hexane and at different population sizes either with equal or unequal sex ratio. The lowest percentage of mated females (highest mating disruption [MD] effects), corresponding to roughly 12.5%, was produced by a 5:1 and 3.3:1 ratio of ZETA:ZTA. Populations with equal sex ratio showed the lowest percentage of mated females, at 20% and 12.5% under lower and higher density, respectively. The next lowest percentage of mated females was produced when the sex ratio was set to 1: 2 and 2:1 male:female, with just 25% and 22.5% of moths mated, respectively. This study shows that mating status of C. cautella is influenced by ZETA:ZTA ratio, sex ratio, and population size. This current knowledge would have useful implications for mating disruption programs.

ACS Style

Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage Prabodha Sammani; Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Saman Kumara Dissanayaka; Leanage Kanaka Wolly Wijayaratne; William Robert Morrison. Effect of Pheromone Blend Components, Sex Ratio, and Population Size on the Mating ofCadra cautella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Science 2020, 20, 1 .

AMA Style

Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage Prabodha Sammani, Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Saman Kumara Dissanayaka, Leanage Kanaka Wolly Wijayaratne, William Robert Morrison. Effect of Pheromone Blend Components, Sex Ratio, and Population Size on the Mating ofCadra cautella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Insect Science. 2020; 20 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage Prabodha Sammani; Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Saman Kumara Dissanayaka; Leanage Kanaka Wolly Wijayaratne; William Robert Morrison. 2020. "Effect of Pheromone Blend Components, Sex Ratio, and Population Size on the Mating ofCadra cautella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Journal of Insect Science 20, no. 6: 1.

Research article
Published: 13 October 2020 in Pest Management Science
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BACKGROUND Phosphine‐susceptible or resistant populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults were exposed to 0 (control), 1000 and 3000 ppm of phosphine for 15 or 90 min, to estimate behavioral and mobility responses after exposure to phosphine. Knockdown of the exposed individuals after exposure was recorded visually. The total distance moved and velocity of movement were assessed immediately after exposure to phosphine, 2 h, or 24 h later using a camera coupled with automated video tracking software (i.e. Ethovision®). RESULTS For both species tested, the highest percentage of dead adults was noted at the highest concentration (3000 ppm) for both exposure times. For T. castaneum, total distance moved and velocity decreased as the concentration increased for the susceptible population, whereas there was significant variation among individuals in the resistant population. For R. dominica, the distance moved was reduced at the highest concentrations. Individuals of R. dominica moved less than those of T. castaneum and there were significant differences in mobility between susceptible and resistant populations for both species tested. Recovery was much faster in the case of the resistant populations. CONCLUSIONS Changes in movement parameters can be further exploited in assessing the efficacy of different management tactics, such as trapping and sampling. Automated video tracking systems such as Ethovision® can be used to track and record insect behavioral response, providing a more objective measure of insecticide efficacy than visual categorizations. These data shed light on insect mobility and behavioral responses to fumigation treatments in relation with resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Paraskevi Agrafioti; Daniel L. Brabec; William R Morrison; James F. Campbell; Christos G. Athanassiou. Scaling recovery of susceptible and resistant stored product insects after short exposures to phosphine by using automated video‐tracking software. Pest Management Science 2020, 77, 1245 -1255.

AMA Style

Paraskevi Agrafioti, Daniel L. Brabec, William R Morrison, James F. Campbell, Christos G. Athanassiou. Scaling recovery of susceptible and resistant stored product insects after short exposures to phosphine by using automated video‐tracking software. Pest Management Science. 2020; 77 (3):1245-1255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paraskevi Agrafioti; Daniel L. Brabec; William R Morrison; James F. Campbell; Christos G. Athanassiou. 2020. "Scaling recovery of susceptible and resistant stored product insects after short exposures to phosphine by using automated video‐tracking software." Pest Management Science 77, no. 3: 1245-1255.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The use of aeration, which refers to cooling of a grain mass using low-volume airflow rates with ambient air, is an under-utilized component of management programs. A model simulation study was conducted for the country of Slovenia by examining historical weather data for 10 selected sites to determine if sufficient cooling hours < 15 °C were available in August and September to cool stored wheat. The weather data were then coupled with a degree-day model to determine if a generation of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, could be produced in the absence of aeration, using a start date of 1 August. The weather data for September was used to classify Slovenia into different risk zones, depending on the number hours < 15 °C. Three sites from each zone, from warmest to coolest, Portorož, Novo Mesto, and Lesce, were further examined using a web-based aeration model and insect population growth model for S. oryzae developed by Texas A&M University Beaumont TX for cooling stored rough rice, to predict bin temperatures and population growth from 1 August to 30 November. The results show that, for most of Slovenia, in the absence of aeration, a complete generation of S. oryzae could occur based on an infestation beginning 1 August. The use of aeration immediately cooled stored wheat in the three selected sites, resulting in a dramatic decrease in predicted populations of S. oryzae in aerated wheat compared to unaerated wheat. The results show that the use of aeration may be expanded in Slovenia for management of stored commodities, and it could help alleviate dependence on insecticides for insect pest management after harvest.

ACS Style

Frank H. Arthur; William R. Morrison; Stanislav Trdan. Feasibility of Using Aeration to Cool Wheat Stored in Slovenia: A Predictive Modeling Approach Using Historical Weather Data. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6066 .

AMA Style

Frank H. Arthur, William R. Morrison, Stanislav Trdan. Feasibility of Using Aeration to Cool Wheat Stored in Slovenia: A Predictive Modeling Approach Using Historical Weather Data. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):6066.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank H. Arthur; William R. Morrison; Stanislav Trdan. 2020. "Feasibility of Using Aeration to Cool Wheat Stored in Slovenia: A Predictive Modeling Approach Using Historical Weather Data." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6066.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Environmental Entomology
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Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive and highly polyphagous insect that has caused serious economic injury to specialty and row crops in the United States and Europe. Here, we evaluated the effects of marking adult and nymphal H. halys with four different colors of fluorescent powder (Blaze Orange, Corona Pink, Horizon Blue, and Signal Green) on mobility and survivorship in laboratory bioassays. Adults and nymphs were marked using liquified fluorescent powder solutions and allowed to dry prior to bioassay. The presence of the marking solution had no significant effects on adult or nymphal mobility, adult survivorship, nymphal development, or adult flight capacity. We also evaluated the persistence of neon marker applied to the pronotum of H. halys adults and found this technique remained detectable for 2 wk under field conditions. Although both marking techniques are inexpensive, persist for ≥1 wk, and do not affect mortality, the neon marker method is more time-consuming, taking ~12 times longer to mark 50 adult H. halys compared with the liquified fluorescent powders. Thus, we would recommend using fluorescent powders for large-scale mark-release-recapture studies.

ACS Style

Danielle M Kirkpatrick; Kevin B Rice; Aya Ibrahim; Shelby J Fleischer; John F Tooker; Amy Tabb; Henry Medeiros; William R Morrison; Tracy C Leskey. The Influence of Marking Methods on Mobility, Survivorship, and Field Recovery of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Adults and Nymphs. Environmental Entomology 2020, 49, 1026 -1031.

AMA Style

Danielle M Kirkpatrick, Kevin B Rice, Aya Ibrahim, Shelby J Fleischer, John F Tooker, Amy Tabb, Henry Medeiros, William R Morrison, Tracy C Leskey. The Influence of Marking Methods on Mobility, Survivorship, and Field Recovery of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Adults and Nymphs. Environmental Entomology. 2020; 49 (5):1026-1031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danielle M Kirkpatrick; Kevin B Rice; Aya Ibrahim; Shelby J Fleischer; John F Tooker; Amy Tabb; Henry Medeiros; William R Morrison; Tracy C Leskey. 2020. "The Influence of Marking Methods on Mobility, Survivorship, and Field Recovery of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Adults and Nymphs." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 5: 1026-1031.

Journal article
Published: 26 July 2020 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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The bacterial formulations, spinosad and spinetoram, were evaluated for their efficacy in suppressing development and mating success in Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the almond moth. A dilution series of spinosad and spinetoram was sprayed on rice flour. Rice flour samples sprayed with water served as the control. Late instar C. cautella larvae were introduced onto spinosad-, spinetoram-, or water-treated rice flour. The first experiment tested the effects of spinosad and spinetoram on larval mortality, as well as emergence of adults and progeny at different insecticide concentrations. In the second experiment, the mating success of C. cautella adults that had emerged from larvae exposed to spinosad was tested inside a cubicle. Both spinosad and spinetoram increased larval mortality, whereas both compounds reduced adult emergence and progeny production. Natural mating was reduced in the presence of the synthetic sex pheromone (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate. However, exposure of C. cautella larvae to spinosad did not alter mating in adult progeny. Spinosad was more effective than spinetoram at suppressing C. cautella development. The study concludes that both spinosad and spinetoram suppress the development of immatures of C. cautella to the adult stage as well as mating. Thus, the both compounds can be used to protect stored grains from infestation by C. cautella.

ACS Style

A.M.P. Sammani; D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka; L.K.W. Wijayaratne; William Morrison. Effects of spinosad and spinetoram on larval mortality, adult emergence, progeny production and mating in Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 88, 101665 .

AMA Style

A.M.P. Sammani, D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka, L.K.W. Wijayaratne, William Morrison. Effects of spinosad and spinetoram on larval mortality, adult emergence, progeny production and mating in Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 88 ():101665.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.M.P. Sammani; D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka; L.K.W. Wijayaratne; William Morrison. 2020. "Effects of spinosad and spinetoram on larval mortality, adult emergence, progeny production and mating in Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 88, no. : 101665.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Rhyzopertha dominica male adults produce an aggregation pheromone that attracts both sexes. While many studies have tested the behavioral response of R. dominica adults to its aggregation pheromone, information on the distance of attraction and effective pheromone concentration are lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the recapture rate of R. dominica adults released at different distances from a pheromone-baited and pheromone + kairomone-baited trap, as well as the most effective pheromone concentration for R. dominica. Experiments were arranged as complete randomized design with four replicates. A commercial pitfall trap containing R. dominica pheromone alone or pheromone + kairomone was placed inside an experimental arena. Adult R. dominica were released at different distances from the trap and the adults captured were counted. A separate experiment was conducted using pitfall traps containing different concentrations of the aggregation pheromone placed inside the experimental arena. Adult R. dominica were released 60 cm away from the pitfall trap and the recaptured adults were recorded. The trapping efficiency was higher when the trap contained both the pheromone and kairomone than the pheromone alone. Trap capture was highest when the beetles were released at distances up to 70 cm and at a concentration of 100 μL/1 m2. Our findings suggest that food facility managers should take into account the effective pheromone concentration and distance of attraction, while also strongly consider including food kairomones in traps when developing monitoring programs for R. dominica.

ACS Style

D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka; A.M.P. Sammani; L.K.W. Wijayaratne; R.H.S. Rajapakse; S. Hettiarachchi; William Morrison. Effects of aggregation pheromone concentration and distance on the trapping of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 88, 101657 .

AMA Style

D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka, A.M.P. Sammani, L.K.W. Wijayaratne, R.H.S. Rajapakse, S. Hettiarachchi, William Morrison. Effects of aggregation pheromone concentration and distance on the trapping of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 88 ():101657.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.M.S.K. Dissanayaka; A.M.P. Sammani; L.K.W. Wijayaratne; R.H.S. Rajapakse; S. Hettiarachchi; William Morrison. 2020. "Effects of aggregation pheromone concentration and distance on the trapping of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults." Journal of Stored Products Research 88, no. : 101657.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2020 in Agronomy
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In evaluating insecticides, progeny production on grain commodities can be evaluated by either exposing adults on a commodity for a given time period, then removing them and assessing mortality and progeny production, or by leaving the adults on the commodity continuously, and then assessing progeny production. Little research directly compares these methodologies. Thus, our aims were to: (1) determine residual efficacy of Diacon IGR+ (methoprene+deltamethrin) and Gravista (methoprene+deltamethrin+piperonyl butoxide) on wheat, corn, and brown rice over the course of a year, using bioassays with select stored product insects at different time intervals, and (2) directly compare the two different methods of parental adult exposure on progeny production. Adults were either exposed for 7 d, then removed and assessed for survival, and the commodities were held for 6–7 weeks to assess progeny production, or adults were continuously exposed on the commodities for 6–7 weeks. Commodities were aged and sampled every 3 months for 12 months. Afterwards, samples were examined for progeny, sample weight loss, and insect feeding damage. Each insecticide killed exposed adults and prevented progeny of Rhyzopertha dominica on wheat and brown rice, and Tribolium castaneum on corn. There was extensive survival of Sitophilus spp. on all commodities, though Gravista did initially suppress S. oryzae on wheat and S. zeamais on corn compared to Diacon IGR+. Progeny, weight loss, and insect feeding damage were positively correlated in the 7 d exposure compared with continuous parental exposure. Both insecticides will control R. dominica and externally-feeding insects, but may exhibit reduced effectiveness for Sitophilus spp., especially S. oryzae. Food managers can utilize these data to more effectively plan management programs.

ACS Style

Frank Arthur; W. Robert Morrison Iii. Methodology for Assessing Progeny Production and Grain Damage on Commodities Treated with Insecticides. Agronomy 2020, 10, 804 .

AMA Style

Frank Arthur, W. Robert Morrison Iii. Methodology for Assessing Progeny Production and Grain Damage on Commodities Treated with Insecticides. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):804.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank Arthur; W. Robert Morrison Iii. 2020. "Methodology for Assessing Progeny Production and Grain Damage on Commodities Treated with Insecticides." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 804.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Journal of Economic Entomology
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Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are two stored-product insects that cause extensive damage to a variety of postharvest commodities. Long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN), commonly used to control vector-borne diseases in tropical regions, has only been recently studied in an agricultural setting. While prior research showed that LLIN was successful against stored-product beetles, little is known about differential susceptibility among stored-product insect life stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate LLIN efficacy against immature T. castaneum and T. variabile compared with adults. Movement and dispersal ability were evaluated after exposure to LLIN or an untreated, control netting. For the movement assay, video-tracking software recorded the postexposure effects of LLIN on distance traveled and velocity of the insects in 2-h trials. For the dispersal assay, insects were exposed to the netting then released into one end of a PVC pipe and allowed 48 h to disperse to a novel food patch located at the opposite end of the pipe. Our study found that movement and dispersal ability of T. variabile and T. castaneum are significantly reduced, often by multiple-fold, after LLIN exposure, with the larval stage of each species more tolerant to the insecticide netting than adults. These results indicate that LLIN is a promising tool for use in intercepting immigrating insects of different life stages in food facilities to protect stored products.

ACS Style

Rachel V Wilkins; Kun Yan Zhu; James F Campbell; William R Morrison. Mobility and Dispersal of Two Cosmopolitan Stored-Product Insects Are Adversely Affected by Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting in a Life Stage-Dependent Manner. Journal of Economic Entomology 2020, 113, 1768 -1779.

AMA Style

Rachel V Wilkins, Kun Yan Zhu, James F Campbell, William R Morrison. Mobility and Dispersal of Two Cosmopolitan Stored-Product Insects Are Adversely Affected by Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting in a Life Stage-Dependent Manner. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2020; 113 (4):1768-1779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachel V Wilkins; Kun Yan Zhu; James F Campbell; William R Morrison. 2020. "Mobility and Dispersal of Two Cosmopolitan Stored-Product Insects Are Adversely Affected by Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting in a Life Stage-Dependent Manner." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4: 1768-1779.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Journal of Economic Entomology
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Since the initial detection of the invasive Halyomorpha halys (Stål) in the United States in the late 1990s, this insect has emerged as a severe agricultural and nuisance pest. Nuisance problems are due to adult dispersal to overwintering sites in the fall at which time they alight onto and eventually settle within human-made structures in addition to natural harborage. This study examined how three factors, elevation, light, and moisture affected overwintering site selection by H. halys in the mid-Atlantic. Observational counts performed along elevational transects revealed elevation was significant predictor of H. halys abundance during both years of the study in 2014 and 2015 with more adults observed at higher elevations. Choice tests examining effects of moisture and light on settling behavior demonstrated H. halys settled within overwintering shelter boxes in significantly greater numbers when shelters were dry compared with those having moist conditions, and in darkened shelters compared with those augmented with LED lights. Our findings indicate that H. halys use cues at both landscape and very localized levels when seeking and selecting overwintering sites.

ACS Style

John P Cullum; Laura J Nixon; William R Morrison; Michael J Raupp; Paula M Shrewsbury; Dilip Venugopal; Holly Martinson; J Christopher Bergh; Tracy C Leskey. Influence of Landscape Factors and Abiotic Conditions on Dispersal Behavior and Overwintering Site Selection by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 2020, 113, 2016 -2021.

AMA Style

John P Cullum, Laura J Nixon, William R Morrison, Michael J Raupp, Paula M Shrewsbury, Dilip Venugopal, Holly Martinson, J Christopher Bergh, Tracy C Leskey. Influence of Landscape Factors and Abiotic Conditions on Dispersal Behavior and Overwintering Site Selection by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 2020; 113 (4):2016-2021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John P Cullum; Laura J Nixon; William R Morrison; Michael J Raupp; Paula M Shrewsbury; Dilip Venugopal; Holly Martinson; J Christopher Bergh; Tracy C Leskey. 2020. "Influence of Landscape Factors and Abiotic Conditions on Dispersal Behavior and Overwintering Site Selection by Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4: 2016-2021.

Original article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Chemoecology
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Accumulating evidence in the literature suggests that oleic acid functions as a necromone across widely divergent insect taxa. The prevelance of this phenomenon has not been fully explored, and its application to pest management remains underdeveloped. Khapra beetle (KB), Trogoderma granarium, is a pest of stored grains, with larvae that can enter facultative diapause and remain cryptic in warehouses. Here, we examine how death affects oleic acid content of Trogoderma spp. cuticular extracts, and whether the compound causes a behavioral response. To assess the generalizability of patterns, many experiments were repeated with warehouse beetle (WB), Trogoderma variabile, and larger cabinet beetle (LCB), Trogoderma inclusum. Extracts of larvae that were first killed by being frozen had greater oleic acid content than those derived from live insects. Two-choice behavioral assays compared responses of solvent controls to these extracts, at both low (~ 2 µg) and high (68–131 µg) oleic acid content. The natural extracts also contained cuticular hydrocarbons and other unidentified chemicals. High oleic acid in the extracts repelled the larvae of all three species. Lower levels of oleic acid did not affect KB and LCB movement, but were attractive to WB. We also performed the assay using a large range of doses of oleic acid alone. At the lower doses, oleic acid had no effect on movement, but it became strongly repellant at higher doses, beginning at 100 µg. These results indicate that necromones may be an overlooked aspect of stored product insect biology, which if further researched could improve pest management.

ACS Style

Michael J. Domingue; William Morrison; Kathleen Yeater; Scott W. Myers. Oleic acid emitted from frozen Trogoderma spp. larvae causes conspecific behavioral aversion. Chemoecology 2020, 30, 161 -172.

AMA Style

Michael J. Domingue, William Morrison, Kathleen Yeater, Scott W. Myers. Oleic acid emitted from frozen Trogoderma spp. larvae causes conspecific behavioral aversion. Chemoecology. 2020; 30 (4):161-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael J. Domingue; William Morrison; Kathleen Yeater; Scott W. Myers. 2020. "Oleic acid emitted from frozen Trogoderma spp. larvae causes conspecific behavioral aversion." Chemoecology 30, no. 4: 161-172.