Temporal and spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation from 71 stations located in Western Balkan (WB) countries (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro) and their correlations with nine atmospheric circulation patterns was examined for the period 1950-2016. Annual precipitation increased significantly throughout the WB (from 2% to 8% per decade) on 20% of stations located mainly in the mountainous western Serbia and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Winter was characterized by non?significant precipitation changes in most of the studied area, with only a few stations characterized by significant precipitation increase (up to 12% per decade) in the mountainous area of WB, and a few stations characterized by significant decrease (up to -6% per decade) in the Pannonian plain. Significant precipitation increase was noticed on 15% of the stations in spring, while it was noticed on 17% of the stations in autumn. Summer precipitation decreased significantly (up to -5% per decade) on a limited area of northern Serbia (6% of the stations), while the majority of stations showed non?significant increase. The strongest influences on annual precipitation in WB region are of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), leading to the precipitation decrease during their positive phases. Winter precipitation is significantly negatively correlated with AO, East Atlantic/Western Russia oscillation (EA/WR), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and has a significant positive correlation with Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) on the majority of stations. MO has the strongest influence on summer precipitation in WB region leading to precipitation decrease, while AO has the dominant influence on precipitation in the region during autumn.

Spiritual travel is increasingly viewed as an asset for the development of sustainable tourism. A great deal of research has been conducted on travel motivation to comprehend spiritually-motivated travel, but less is known about Generation Z’s travel motivation. This subject is relevant since Generation Z will represent the travel market of the future. Therefore, managers of spiritually-themed locations must understand the characteristics of their prospective visitors (Generation Z) in order to create more comprehensive tourism offerings. We use exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the scale and inferential statistics to analyse the data regarding the main socio-demographic characteristics. Spiritual and Canonical Experiences, Escapism, Ascetic Life, and Social Interactions, Natural and Cultural Values, Religious Events, and Active Participation were identified as the main dimensions in this study. In our conclusion, the ramifications of the findings for destination management and marketing are examined.

Tourism on Kopaonik and Zlatibor mountains had started to develop decades ago, but at the beginning of the 21st century, mountain tourism started to develop rapidly and the number of tourists in the mountain regions of Serbia has significantly increased. Constant improvements of tourism offer and numerous tourist activities on the Kopaonik and Zlatibor mountains influenced an upward trend of a number of tourists. The principal aim of this paper is to investigate whether the particular relevant climate parameters, such as mean monthly temperature and a number of snowy days, can affect the increase or decrease of the number of tourists and overnight stays in the analyzed two mountains. For this purpose, the regression analysis was used. The results indicate that there is a significant impact of selected climate parameters on tourist traffic in the Kopaonik and Zlatibor mountains.

This paper studies the formation and development of the Bosnian town of Teslic from the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 to the end of the First World War in 1918. The goat is to emphasize the significant characteristics of the town's development: the spread of capitalism; economic modernization; the arrival of a non-Slavic, predominantly German population; and the town as the leader of industrialization in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The industrial origin of Teslic and its structure demonstrate Austria-Hungary's need to economically integrate Bosnia and Herzegovina into its state area. The aim of this paper is to show to what extent the dynamics of industrial development influenced the town's formation and to see how the colonist population, which was mostly of German origin, influenced the industrial development and social life of the town.

A large number of civil war refugees migrated to Vojvodina in the period 1991-1996. Each of nine immigration municipalities received over 10,000 refugees. This article will try to prove that refugees changed age structure of these municipalities in the negative sense. Demographic indicators such as median age and age index are higher and unfavorable in municipalities which received the largest number of refugees than in non-immigration municipalities which received the smallest number. The most unfavorable indicators due to the arrival of refugees has Sombor municipality and the best indicators has Stara Pazova municipality. In period 1991-2002. Immigrating municipalities shows higher ageing of population then non-immigrating.