Electric vehicles (EVs) are being developed and considered as the future transportation to reduce emission of toxic gas, cost and weight. The battery pack is one of the main crucial parts of the electric vehicle. The power optimization of the battery pack has been maintained by developing a two phase evaporative thermal management system which operation has been controlled by using a wireless battery management system. A large number of individual cells in a battery pack have many wire terminations that are liable for safety failure. To reduce the wiring problem, a wireless battery management system based on ZigBee communication protocol and point-to-point wireless topology has been presented. Microcontrollers and wireless modules are employed to process the information from several sensors (voltage, temperature and SOC) and transmit to the display devices respectively. The WBMS multistage charge balancing system offering more effective and efficient responses for several numbers of series connected battery cells. The concept of double tier switched capacitor converter and resonant switched capacitor converter is used for reducing the charge balancing time of the cells. The balancing result for 2 cells and 16 cells are improved by 15.12% and 25.3% respectively. The balancing results are poised to become better when the battery cells are increased.

Polymer inorganic nanocomposites are attracting a considerable amount of interest due to their enhanced electrical and optical properties. The inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles into the polymer matrix results in a significant change in the nanocomposite’s properties. With this in mind, we have developed a nanocomposite film based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a solution casting method with varying concentrations of ZnO nano powder in the PVA matrix. The ZnO / PVA film surface morphology was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The micrographs indicate that ZnO nanoparticles in the PVA matrix are homogeneously distributed. XRD results indicated that the crystallinity of the film was influenced by the interaction of ZnO nanoparticles and the PVA main chain. Crystallinity is also affected by the doping of ZnO nanoparticles in the PVA matrix and it increases when the concentration of ZnO is low and then decreases when the excess concentration of ZnO is present in the PVA matrix. The FTIR transmission spectra confirmed that significant interaction took place between the ZnO nanoparticles and the PVA main chain over the wave number range of 400–4000 cm^−1. The UV–vis spectra reveal that the increase in concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the polymer matrix results in the movement of the absorption edge in the direction of higher wavelength or lower energy associated with the blue/green portion of the visible spectrum. A decrease in the optical energy bandgap is observed with the increase in nano ZnO concentration in the matrix. Thickness has a signifcant affect on the properties of the ZnO/PVA nanocomposite and the morphology, particle size, degree of crystallinity and bandgap of the ZnO/PVA nanocomposite samples were influenced by the thickness of the sample. The optimal thickess of 0.03 mm with a weight percentage of 16.6% (ZnO) and 83.3% (PVA matrix) was selected due to its higher bandgap of 4.22 eV, reduced agglomeration/aggregation and smaller ZnO particle size of 14.23 nm in the matrix. The optimal film can be used in photovoltaic research.

Innovations are required for electric vehicles (EVs) to be lighter and more energy efficient due to the range anxiety issue. This article introduces an intelligent control of an organic structure solar supercapacitor (OSSC) for EVs to meet electrical load demands with solar renewable energy. A carbon fibre-reinforced polymer, nano zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO) fillers have been used in the development of OSSC prototypes. The organic solar cell, electrical circuits, converter, controller, circuit breaker switch, and batteries were all integrated for the modelling of OSSCs. A carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced CuO-doped polymer was utilised to improve the concentration of electrons. The negative electrodes of the CF were strengthened with nano ZnO epoxy to increase the mobility of electrons as an n-type semiconductor (energy band gap 3.2–3.4 eV) and subsequently increased to 3.5 eV by adding 6% π-carbon. The electrodes of the CF were strengthened with epoxy-filled nano-CuO as a p-type semiconductor to facilitate bore/positive charging. They improve the conductivity of the OSSC. The OSSC power storage was controlled by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy intelligent system controller to meet the load demand of EVs and auxiliary battery charging. Moreover, a fully charged OSSC (solar irradiance = 1000 W/m²) produced 561 W·h/m² to meet the vehicle load demand with 45 A of auxiliary battery charging current. Therefore, the OSSC can save 15% in energy efficiency and contribute to emission control. The integration of an OSSC with an EV battery can minimise the weight and capacity of the battery by 7.5% and 10%, respectively.