Geothermal energy is a unique energy source in the energy policy mix that would help the clean energy transition and energy independence, supporting the energy needs in heating and electricity. Although there have been studies on the opportunities and challenges of renewable energy, this paper is the first paper that concentrates on geothermal energy for three distinct countries, Italy, Belgium, and Iceland, for the first time. Using semi-structured interviews that will cover the stakeholders representing the quadruple helix (academia, citizens, policymakers, and industry), this paper aims to find the unique and common opportunities and barriers the geothermal sector has. Shared challenges include financial barriers, regulatory complexities, environmental issues, and the need for improvement in the social acceptability of geothermal energy. Despite these challenges, geothermal energy, a promising energy source for clean transition, could create opportunities like improved household welfare through combined uses in district heating and electricity and have the potential to generate employment opportunities.

This paper investigates the economic roots of separatist terrorism in Turkey. The political conventional wisdom is that poverty in highly Kurdish‐populated, south‐eastern Turkey is one of the most important causes of separatist terrorism and Turkish–Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Therefore, many economic policies have been implemented to improve the economic conditions in the south‐eastern part of the country. Using the Global Terrorism Database and Vector Autoregression (VAR) methodology, I find that there is no causal relationship between economic conditions in south‐eastern Turkey and separatist terrorism. Therefore policy‐makers should be cautious in using economic measures to prevent separatist terrorism in Turkey.

Separatist terrorism has been a severe problem for Turkey since the mid-1980s. The conventional wisdom contends that economic deprivation in southeastern Turkey is the fundamental reason for the long-running battle against the Kurdish rebels. Considering that there is limited empirical literature on the roots of terrorism in Turkey, yielding conflicting results about the claim that the main cause of terrorism is deprived economic conditions, this study aims to answer whether there is a causal relationship between income inequality and separatist terrorism in Turkey. To this end, the Global Terrorism Data Base for the period of 1973–2006, two Theil indices of pay inequality as proxy for income inequality, and the vector autoregression and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) methods are utilized. The results support the early findings that income inequality, a particular focus in this paper and an essential indicator of economic deprivation, is not a main cause of escalation of separatist terrorism in Turkey.

This study addresses the critical gap in literature caused by previous qualitative studies on PV adoption focusing primarily on households, which have limited access to specific industry sectors across different countries. As far as we know, no other research has investigated the manufacturing and industrial firms’ perspective on Renewable energy and, specifically, PV adaptation in Türkiye. We use a qualitative semi-structured survey approach accommodated in Turkish Organized Industrial Zones. According to the interviews carried out within the scope of this study, an increase in electricity prices and a decrease in the payback period by PV installment are seen as the most critical drivers of PV adoption in the manufacturing sector. Energy security concerns and climate change policies also help increase the pace of PV adaptation. One of the biggest challenges in PV adoption seems to be technical challenges due to the limited capacity of the transformer, bureaucratic problems due to PV applications, supply side problems due to long wait times by the suppliers, knowledge and information problems, architectural and space problem that are also linked to the legal constraints and financial difficulties due to the lack of access to credit due to the macroeconomic situation of the country.

İklim değişikliği ve nüfus artışı baskısıyla yükselen gıda güvenliği tehlikesi ekilebilir arazilere olan ihtiyacı artırmakta; aynı zamanda yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının hızlanması arazi kullanımı üzerinden enerji üretimi ile tarımsal üretim arasında çatışma olasılığı yaratmaktadır. Son yıllarda güneş enerjisi alanında yenilikçi bir çözüm olarak geliştirilen tarım-fotovoltaik (agri-photovoltaic) sistemler ise aynı arazi üzerinde ikili kullanımı mümkün kılmakta, tarımsal arazi üzerinde yükseltilmiş paneller sayesinde enerji üretimi ve tarımsal faaliyetler eş zamanlı olarak sürdürülebilmektedir. Türkiye’de hem iklim değişikliğinin tarımsal üretim üzerindeki etkileri ile ortaya çıkması muhtemel üretim ve gelir risklerini hafifletme potansiyeli açısından, hem de tarımsal üretimin sulama gibi ana ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında yüksek düzeyde dışa bağımlı enerji ihtiyacını ikame etme potansiyeli açısından TarımFV’nin etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de bu alanda yapılmış ilk çalışmalardan biri olarak literatürün sistematik bir analizi ile TarımFV sistemlerinin ortaya çıkardığı olası fırsat ve zorlukları tartışmakta ve literatür taraması bulguları ışığında Türkiye’deki tarım sektörünün durumu özelinde (özellikle bir tarım girdisi olan enerji ihtiyacının artışı ve iklim değişikliğinin tarım üzerinde yarattığı zorlayıcı etkiler göz önüne alınarak) TarımFV potansiyelini değerlendirmektedir. Ayrıca tarım ve enerji alanındaki aktörlerin henüz pratikte kullanmadıkları TarımFV’ye ilişkin görüşlerine dair bir ön inceleme sunmak amacıyla Türkiye’de TarımFV kapsamında yapılan ilk saha çalışmasının sonuçlarına da yer verilmektedir.