Reduced fertilization technology is an eco-friendly strategy to minimize nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses and losses in vegetable production. However, little is known about the performance of chemical fertilizer reduction when supplemented with palm silk biochar (PSB) in subtropical acid soils. A short-term (60 d) field investigation under conditions of in situ incubation was conducted in vegetable farmland in southern China. The treatments included no fertilization (Control), 100% conventional fertilization (CF₁₀₀), 90% conventional fertilization plus 10% PSB-based fertilization (CF₉₀B₁₀), 85% conventional fertilization plus 15% PSB-based fertilization (CF₈₅B₁₅), and 80% conventional fertilization plus 20% PSB-based fertilization (CF₈₀B₂₀). The CF₉₀B₁₀, CF₈₅B₁₅, and CF₈₀B₂₀ treatments had the same inputs of total N and P as the CF₁₀₀ treatment. Reduced chemical fertilization generally decreased the soil NH₄⁺-N regardless of the PSB substitution rate (10%, 15%, or 20%), incubation condition (top-covered or top-open: preventing or allowing the leaching process, respectively), and sampling time (1 day or 60 days). Conversely, compared with the CF₁₀₀ treatment, both the CF₈₅B₁₅ and CF₈₀B₂₀ treatments did not lead to a significant decrease in the NO₃⁻-N concentration in soil under top-open incubation conditions, but significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil NO₃⁻-N under top-covered incubation conditions. The CF₈₀B₂₀ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) decreased soil Olsen-P in comparison with the CF₁₀₀ treatment, regardless of the incubation condition and sampling time. After applying chemical fertilizer in combination with PSB, soil net ammonification and N mineralization tended to be reduced considerably, with substantial reductions of 39–76% and 24–45%, respectively; reversely, soil net nitrification was stimulated by an increased PSB substitution rate. As the rate of chemical fertilization decreased, the trends in NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N losses from the soil were similar to the trends observed in soil net ammonification and net nitrification, respectively. Additionally, there were no significant differences in the soil net P mineralization and Olsen-P loss between chemical fertilization alone and in combination with PSB application. Generally, the partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with PSB at a low application rate may not substantially reduce plant-available NO₃⁻-N and Olsen-P. It can also contribute to the sustainable availability of N and P in vegetable farmland soil via a variety of transformation processes, such as mineralization, immobilization, and loss.

A method for mode decomposition is presented using compressive sensing. Simulated data are used to demonstrate its pro and con compared with conventional methods using eigenvector decomposition. Mode cross-correlation and mode coherence time are studied using narrowband signals collected on a vertical line array during the SW06 experiment, that were transmitted from a moving source with different speeds and along paths with different bottom bathymetry. It is found that the coherence time of the dominant modes is longer than the matched-field coherence time and more sensitive to the source speed than the bathymetry. The decomposed modes can be divided into groups where members of each group are more coherent with each other than with members outside of the group.

p -Anisaldehyde (AA) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of antimicrobial and antihistamine agents, and is widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.