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Dr. Martin Fredriksson
Department for Culture Studies, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden

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0 Piracy
0 Property Rights
0 Social Movements
0 Copyright
0 Commons

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Article
Published: 12 June 2021 in Law and Critique
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This article analyzes India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as a potential intervention in the administration of patent law. The TKDL is a database including a vast body of traditional medical knowledge from India, aiming to prevent the patenting and misappropriation of that knowledge. This article contextualizes the TKDL in relation to documentation theory as well as to existing research on the uses of databases to protect traditional knowledge. It explores the TKDL’s potential consequences for India’s traditional medical knowledge and the wider implications that traditional knowledge databases can have for the safeguarding of traditional knowledge in general. The article concludes that on the one hand the TKDL bridges the gap between the main branches of Indian traditional medicine and the formal knowledge system of International Patent Classifications. Furthermore, it has also inspired revisions of the International Patent Classification system, which makes it better adapted to incorporate traditional medical knowledge. On the other hand, critical research on traditional knowledge documentation argues that traditional knowledge databases, like the TKDL, can decontextualize the knowledge they catalogue and dispossess its original owners. The TKDL, however, also fits into a national, Indian agenda of documenting and modernizing traditional medicine that predates the formation of the TKDL by several decades and challenges the dichotomy between traditional and scientific knowledge systems that originally motivated the formation of the TKDL.

ACS Style

Martin Fredriksson. India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library and the Politics of Patent Classifications. Law and Critique 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson. India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library and the Politics of Patent Classifications. Law and Critique. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson. 2021. "India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library and the Politics of Patent Classifications." Law and Critique , no. : 1-19.

Research article
Published: 22 November 2020 in International Journal of Heritage Studies
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This article argues that since genetic resources carry cultural significance to many Indigenous communities, the protection of genetic resources should be considered in relation to the protection of Indigenous cultural heritage. It compares international regulations of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge to those of traditional cultural expressions, focusing particularly on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its implementation through the Nagoya Protocol. The article discusses how attempts to decolonise the regulation of genetic resources are impeded by two dilemmas that have also affected UNESCO and WIPO’s attempts to safeguard traditional cultural expressions. The first dilemma concerns the problems of promoting Indigenous self-recognition within a system of governance based on national agency and sovereignty. The second dilemma concerns how international regulations are based on a Western ontology that polarises natural and cultural resources, which has resulted in a reluctance to address intellectual property rights within the CBD. Exploring parallels between the regulation of genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions provides new perspectives on the difficulties facing the decolonisation of the protection of Indigenous resources and the implementation of Indigenous data sovereignty.

ACS Style

Martin Fredriksson. Dilemmas of protection: decolonising the regulation of genetic resources as cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies 2020, 27, 720 -733.

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson. Dilemmas of protection: decolonising the regulation of genetic resources as cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies. 2020; 27 (7):720-733.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson. 2020. "Dilemmas of protection: decolonising the regulation of genetic resources as cultural heritage." International Journal of Heritage Studies 27, no. 7: 720-733.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in International Journal of the Commons
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ACS Style

Martin Fredriksson. Information Commons Between Enclosure and Exposure: Regulating Piracy and Privacy in the EU. International Journal of the Commons 2020, 14, 494 -507.

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson. Information Commons Between Enclosure and Exposure: Regulating Piracy and Privacy in the EU. International Journal of the Commons. 2020; 14 (1):494-507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson. 2020. "Information Commons Between Enclosure and Exposure: Regulating Piracy and Privacy in the EU." International Journal of the Commons 14, no. 1: 494-507.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2018 in Open Cultural Studies
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The ideas and ideals of authorship and the discourse on property rights that emerged in parallel since the 18thcentury have come to form the bedrock of copyright law. Critical copyright scholars argue that this construction of authorship and ownership contributes to individualisation and privatisation of artistic works that disregards the collective aspects of creativity. It also embodies a certain kind of authorial character-or “author function” as Michel Foucault puts it-imbued with racial and gendered powers and privileges. While the gendered and racialised biases of intellectual property rights are well documented within copyright research, the commodification of ideas and cultural expressions relies on individualisation of creativity that is significant not only to the cultural economy but also to the 20th-century notion of the entrepreneur as the protagonist of capitalism. This article relates the idea of the entrepreneur to the deconstruction of authorship that was initiated by Foucault and Roland Barthes in the late 1960s, and the critique of an author-centred IPR regime developed by law scholars in the 1990s. It asks if and how the deconstruction of the author as a cultural and ideological persona that underpins the privatisation of immaterial resources can help us understand the construction and function of the entrepreneur in extractive capitalism.

ACS Style

Martin Fredriksson. Authors, Inventors and Entrepreneurs: Intellectual Property and Actors of Extraction. Open Cultural Studies 2018, 2, 319 -329.

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson. Authors, Inventors and Entrepreneurs: Intellectual Property and Actors of Extraction. Open Cultural Studies. 2018; 2 (1):319-329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson. 2018. "Authors, Inventors and Entrepreneurs: Intellectual Property and Actors of Extraction." Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1: 319-329.

Articles
Published: 17 October 2018 in Review of African Political Economy
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Orthodox copyright scholarship frames piracy in ‘developing’ countries as a detrimental and illegal practice that results from these countries’ lack of economic, social and cultural development. It argues that piracy needs to be discouraged, regulated, and finally overcome for legitimate business to flourish. In this article, the authors challenge this viewpoint and question whether the implementation of international copyright instruments in legislation across Africa really promotes those local economies or if it merely exposes them to neo-colonial exploitation. While the early international treaties on intellectual property rights (IPR) were formulated by European states and implemented in most parts of Africa through colonial laws, more recent legislation has been globally implemented through institutions such as the United Nations or the World Trade Organization, which remain dominated by Western interests. Through a structured overview of the adoption of IPR treaties in African countries, the authors advance a political economy perspective of intellectual property rights as a (neo-)colonial regime.

ACS Style

Christiaan De Beukelaer; Martin Fredriksson. The political economy of intellectual property rights: the paradox of Article 27 exemplified in Ghana. Review of African Political Economy 2018, 46, 459 -479.

AMA Style

Christiaan De Beukelaer, Martin Fredriksson. The political economy of intellectual property rights: the paradox of Article 27 exemplified in Ghana. Review of African Political Economy. 2018; 46 (161):459-479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christiaan De Beukelaer; Martin Fredriksson. 2018. "The political economy of intellectual property rights: the paradox of Article 27 exemplified in Ghana." Review of African Political Economy 46, no. 161: 459-479.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2017 in Cultural Studies
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ACS Style

Johanna Dahlin; Martin Fredriksson. Extracting the commons. Cultural Studies 2017, 31, 253 -276.

AMA Style

Johanna Dahlin, Martin Fredriksson. Extracting the commons. Cultural Studies. 2017; 31 (2-3):253-276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Dahlin; Martin Fredriksson. 2017. "Extracting the commons." Cultural Studies 31, no. 2-3: 253-276.

Book review
Published: 12 August 2016 in International Journal of Cultural Policy
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Martin Fredriksson. A critical guide to intellectual property. International Journal of Cultural Policy 2016, 24, 559 -561.

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson. A critical guide to intellectual property. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 2016; 24 (4):559-561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson. 2016. "A critical guide to intellectual property." International Journal of Cultural Policy 24, no. 4: 559-561.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2016 in Social Sciences
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Since the 1990s, the understanding of how and where politics are made has changed radically. Scholars such as Ulrich Beck and Maria Bakardjieva have discussed how political agency is enacted outside of conventional party organizations, and political struggles increasingly focus on single issues. Over the past two decades, this transformation of politics has become common knowledge, not only in academic research but also in the general political discourse. Recently, the proliferation of digital activism and the political use of social media are often understood to enforce these tendencies. This article analyzes the Pirate Party in relation to these theories, relying on almost 30 interviews with active Pirate Party members from different parts of the world. The Pirate Party was initially formed in 2006, focusing on copyright, piracy, and digital privacy. Over the years, it has developed into a more general democracy movement, with an interest in a wider range of issues. This article analyzes how the party’s initial focus on information politics and social media connects to a wider range of political issues and to other social movements, such as Arab Spring protests and Occupy Wall Street. Finally, it discusses how this challenges the understanding of information politics as a single issue agenda.

ACS Style

Martin Fredriksson Almqvist. Piracy and the Politics of Social Media. Social Sciences 2016, 5, 41 .

AMA Style

Martin Fredriksson Almqvist. Piracy and the Politics of Social Media. Social Sciences. 2016; 5 (3):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Fredriksson Almqvist. 2016. "Piracy and the Politics of Social Media." Social Sciences 5, no. 3: 41.