Contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins still occurs very often, despite great efforts in preventing it. Animal feeds are contaminated, at low levels, with several mycotoxins, particularly with those produced by Aspergillus and Fusarium genera (Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisina B1). In animal feed, to date, only Aflatoxin B1 is limited through EU regulation. Consequently, mycotoxins cause serious disorders and diseases in farm animals. In 2009, the European Union (386/2009/EC) approved the use of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, as feed additives, to prevent mycotoxicoses in farm animals. The present review gives an overview of the problem of multi-mycotoxin contamination of feed, and aims to classify mycotoxin adsorbing agents (minerals, organic, and synthetic) for feed decontamination, focusing on adsorbents with the ability to bind to multiple mycotoxins, which should have a more effective application in farms but they are still little studied in scientific literature.

The effects of water activity (a_w, 0.994–0.90 ≡ 0.4–14.0 (–)MPa water potential), temperature (4–45 °C), and pH (3.6, 5.5, 7.0), and their interactions on growth of isolates of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum were determined in vitro on a maize extract agar medium. Growth of two isolates of F. moniliforme and four isolates of F. proliferatum were significantly influenced by water activity regardless of solute type used (NaCl, glycerol, or glucose). However, at steady-state a_w levels, growth was optimum at 0.994–0.98 a_w and reduced significantly at 0.92 a_w. Further detailed studies with one isolate of F. moniliforme (25N) and two isolates of F. proliferatum (73N, 13 IN) showed that growth occurred over the range of 0.994–0.90 a_w in the temperature range 20–35 °C with slight differences between species. Growth did occur at 4 °C and 0.994–0.96 a_w, but no growth was recorded at 40 and 45 °C regardless of a_w. Profiles of a_w × temperature relations for growth of these two species were constructed from these data for the first time. Optimum pH and temperature for growth was 5.5 and 25 °C for both isolates of F. proliferatum, and pH 7.0 and 30 °C for the isolate of F. moniliforme. However, for the latter isolate at <0.98 a_w, optimum pH and temperature for growth changed. The effects of pH, temperature, and a_w for single, two-way and three-way interactions were all found to be statistically significant for these three isolates. The ecological significance of this information for understanding these important fumonisin-producing fungi is discussed.Key words: water activity, temperature, fumonisin-producing, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium proliferatum, maize.

Aims: To investigate the volatile fractions of 16 essential oils for activity against the more common fungi causing spoilage of bakery products, Eurotium amstelodami, E. herbariorum, E. repens, E. ru...