There had been remarkable progress in developing third-generation electron storage rings as the main sources of very bright photon beams. Fourth-generation storage rings based on the multi-bend achromat lattice concept may be able to surpass the brightness and coherence that are attained using present third-generation storage rings. In this paper, we survey ongoing work around the world to develop concepts and designs for fourth-generation electron storage rings.

Two-dimensional magnetic materials are considered as promising candidates for developing next-generation spintronic devices by providing the possibility of scaling down to nanometers. However, a low Curie temperature is a crucial problem for practical applications, being intimately related to weak interlayer exchange coupling. Here, by using density functional theory calculations, we show that interlayer exchange coupling can be enhanced by intercalating 3d transition metals (Sc to Zn) into a bilayer of CrI₃ and NiI₂. It is found that intercalated Ni and Cr atoms exhibit strong antiferromagnetic coupling with the CrI₃ and NiI₂ host layers, respectively. This enhances the ferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling between the host layers by many folds compared to pristine CrI₃ and NiI₂ bilayers. Moreover, both intercalated compounds show out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy with half metallic nature, which makes them ideal candidates for spintronics applications. Thereby our work provides a rational approach to raise the Curie temperature of non-metallic two-dimensional magnets by intercalation.