Enteric fever has persistence of great impact in Sudanese public health especially during rainy season when the causative agent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi possesses pan endemic patterns in most regions of Sudan - Khartoum. The present study aims to assess the recent state of antibiotics susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi with special concern to multidrug resistance strains and predict the emergence of new resistant patterns and outbreaks. Salmonella Typhi strains were isolated and identified according to the guidelines of the International Standardization Organization and the World Health Organization. The antibiotics susceptibilities were tested using the recommendations of the Clinical Laboratories Standards Institute. Predictions of emerging resistant bacteria patterns and outbreaks in Sudan were done using logistic regression, forecasting linear equations and in silico simulations models. A total of 124 antibiotics resistant Salmonella Typhi strains categorized in 12 average groups were isolated, different patterns of resistance statistically calculated by (y = ax − b). Minimum bactericidal concentration’s predication of resistance was given the exponential trend (y = n ex) and the predictive coefficient R2 > 0 < 1 are approximately alike. It was assumed that resistant bacteria occurred with a constant rate of antibiotic doses during the whole experimental period. Thus, the number of sensitive bacteria decreases at the same rate as resistant occur following term to the modified predictive model which solved computationally. This study assesses the prediction of multi-drug resistance among S. Typhi isolates by applying low cost materials and simple statistical methods suitable for the most frequently used antibiotics as typhoid empirical therapy. Therefore, bacterial surveillance systems should be implemented to present data on the aetiology and current antimicrobial drug resistance patterns of community-acquired agents causing outbreaks.

This paper studies the feasibility of producing self-healing concrete by immobilization of bacteria on the sand. In this study, the Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) was used to immobilize bacterial spores and its nutrient (Calcium lactate) on sand surface as a novel technique. Due to its availability and environment-friendly character, Bacillus subtilis bacteria have been selected and prepared. To achieve the aim of this study, three concrete mixes were made with 10%, 5%, and 2.5% of gum-capsulated sand with bacteria. The ability of self-healing of cracks was monitored using stereomicroscope and digital image camera. The experiments have shown that the proposed technique is efficient in healing of cracks without impairing the prisms' strength for mixes with 2.5% and 5% of gum-capsulated sand with bacteria. The results give a proof-of-concept to use Gum Arabic as an adhesion to immoblize the bacteria and its nutrient on sand to produce self-healing concrete.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an economically important crop in Sudan, and symptoms of decline may be associated with diverse and poorly understood fungal communities. An unclassified agaricoid fungus was consistently isolated from basidiomata occurring on or near symptomatic date palms in an orchard in Khartoum State, Sudan. Affected palms exhibited chlorosis, reduced growth, drooping fronds, progressive browning, and desiccation. Six isolates (A–F) were examined based on their morphological characteristics and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. Unlike the poroid basidiomata typical of Ganoderma, the isolates produced mushroom-like basidiomata with gills and a stipe. Several morphological characteristics also differed from the typical description of Hohenbuehelia, particularly the centrally positioned stipe and the free or narrowly adnate lamellae. BLASTn analysis showed only 83–89% ITS sequence identity with available Hohenbuehelia sequences. In the present ITS dataset, isolates A–F formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (bootstrap values of 99–100%) outside the sampled Hohenbuehelia and Ganoderma sequences. These results help clarify the phylogenetic position of the isolates within the taxa included in the current dataset but are insufficient for formal genus-level classification or the recognition of a new taxon. Furthermore, following 12 months of artificial inoculation, no consistent disease symptoms were observed, and the causal agents of date palm decline could not be determined. This study reports an unidentified agaricoid fungus associated with declining date palms and highlights the need for broader sampling of Agaricales, multilocus phylogenetic analyses, detailed morphological characterization, and carefully controlled pathogenicity tests before its taxonomic identity and ecological significance can be established.

Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms and considered as one of the least-explored biodiversity resources. Soil fungal community was investigated in two agricultural sites in Khartoum state, Sudan, during two seasons. A total of 42 soil samples were collected, their physicochemical properties were determined, then subjected to metabarcoding and metagenomic analyses. fungal community composition, diversity and microbial trophic modes were determined utilizing R software packages. From both sites, a total of 15 different phyla were detected, out of them, 11 were the most abundant and frequent. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum (86.54% total abundance), followed by the Basidiomycota (8.29%). The dominant class was Sordariomycetes (41.02%), followed by Dothideomycetes (19.80%). Aspergillus (6.2%), Curvularia (6.0%), Neurospora (5.8%) and Fusarium (4.9%) were the most abundant genera. Deniquelata for the first time being recorded in Sudan. Apha diversity measures revealed sample richness ranging from 71 to 361 ASVs, and Shannon index ranging from 2.794 to 5.087. The two sites had significantly different alpha diversity. Land-use types were also significantly different in their diversity regardless of site. Season had no effect on alpha diversity of soil fungal communities. Beta diversity analysis indicated significant differences between the two sites and the different land-use types. No significant differences in the community structure recorded between the two seasons. The dominant trophic mode among the assigned ASVs in soil mycobiome was saprotroph mode (22.11%). Results of this study reveals that fungal community structure is affected by site and land-use type. It gives a comprehensive database for the mycobiome of the agricultural soil in Khartoum state.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an economically important crop in Sudan, and symptoms of decline may be associated with diverse and poorly understood fungal communities. An unclassified agaricoid fungus was consistently isolated from basidiomata occurring on or near symptomatic date palms in an orchard in Khartoum State, Sudan. Affected palms exhibited chlorosis, reduced growth, drooping fronds, progressive browning, and desiccation. Six isolates (A–F) were examined based on their morphological characteristics and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. Unlike the poroid basidiomata typical of Ganoderma, the isolates produced mushroom-like basidiomata with gills and a stipe. Several morphological characteristics also differed from the typical description of Hohenbuehelia, particularly the centrally positioned stipe and the free or narrowly adnate lamellae. BLASTn analysis (v. 2.17.0) showed only 83–89% ITS sequence identity with available Hohenbuehelia sequences. In the present ITS dataset, isolates A–F formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (bootstrap values of 99–100%) outside the sampled Hohenbuehelia and Ganoderma sequences. These results help clarify the phylogenetic position of the isolates within the taxa included in the current dataset but are insufficient for formal genus-level classification or the recognition of a new taxon. Furthermore, following 12 months of artificial inoculation, no consistent disease symptoms were observed, and the causal agents of date palm decline could not be determined. This study reports an unidentified agaricoid fungus associated with declining date palms and highlights the need for broader sampling of Agaricales, multilocus phylogenetic analyses, detailed morphological characterization, and carefully controlled pathogenicity tests before its taxonomic identity and ecological significance can be established.