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Dr. Marco Raugei
Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, UK

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0 Renewable Energy
0 Energy scenarios
0 Life cycle analysis (LCA)
0 Net energy analysis (NEA)
0 EROI

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Renewable Energy
Net energy analysis (NEA)
EROI
Energy scenarios
Life cycle analysis (LCA)

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Journal article
Published: 20 August 2021 in Energies
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California has set two ambitious targets aimed at achieving a high level of decarbonization in the coming decades, namely (i) to generate 60% and 100% of its electricity using renewable energy (RE) technologies, respectively, by 2030 and by 2045, and (ii) introducing at least 5 million zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 2030, as a first step towards all new vehicles being ZEVs by 2035. In addition, in California, photovoltaics (PVs) coupled with lithium-ion battery (LIB) storage and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are, respectively, the most promising candidates for new RE installations and new ZEVs, respectively. However, concerns have been voiced about how meeting both targets at the same time could potentially negatively affect the electricity grid’s stability, and hence also its overall energy and carbon performance. This paper addresses those concerns by presenting a thorough life-cycle carbon emission and energy analysis based on an original grid balancing model that uses a combination of historical hourly dispatch and demand data and future projections of hourly demand for BEV charging. Five different scenarios are assessed, and the results unequivocally indicate that a future 80% RE grid mix in California is not only able to cope with the increased demand caused by BEVs, but it can do so with low carbon emissions (<110 g CO2-eq/kWh) and satisfactory net energy returns (EROIPE-eq = 12–16).

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Alessio Peluso; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis. Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Implications of High Penetration of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles in California. Energies 2021, 14, 5165 .

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Alessio Peluso, Enrica Leccisi, Vasilis Fthenakis. Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Implications of High Penetration of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles in California. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):5165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Alessio Peluso; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis. 2021. "Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Implications of High Penetration of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles in California." Energies 14, no. 16: 5165.

Research and analysis
Published: 19 June 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Among existing and emerging technologies to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles, pyrometallurgical processes are commercially used. However, very little is known about their environmental and energy impacts. In this study, three pyrometallurgical technologies are analyzed and compared in terms of global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED), namely: an emerging direct current (DC) plasma smelting technology (Sc-1), the same DC plasma technology but with an additional pre-treatment stage (Sc-2), and a more commercially mature ultra-high temperature (UHT) furnace (Sc-3). The net impacts for the recovered metals are calculated using both “open-loop” and “closed-loop” recycling options. Results reveal that shifting from the UHT furnace technology (Sc-3) to the DC plasma technology could reduce the GWP of the recycling process by up to a factor of 5 (when employing pre-treatment, as is the case with Sc-2). Results also vary across factors, for example, different metal recovery rates, carbon/energy intensity of the electricity grid (in Sc-1 and Sc-2), rates of aluminum recovery (in Sc-2), and sources of coke (in Sc-3). However, the sensitivity analysis showed that these factors do not change the best option which was determined before (as Sc-2) except in a few cases for CED. Overall, the research methodology and application presented by this life cycle assessment informs future energy and environmental impact assessment studies that want to assess existing recycling processes of LIB or other emerging technologies. This article met the requirements for a gold–silver JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

ACS Style

Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar; Marco Raugei; Bernhard Steubing; Anthony Hartwell; Paul A. Anderson; Oliver Heidrich. Life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling using pyrometallurgical technologies. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar, Marco Raugei, Bernhard Steubing, Anthony Hartwell, Paul A. Anderson, Oliver Heidrich. Life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling using pyrometallurgical technologies. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Ali Rajaeifar; Marco Raugei; Bernhard Steubing; Anthony Hartwell; Paul A. Anderson; Oliver Heidrich. 2021. "Life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling using pyrometallurgical technologies." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Most existing life cycle assessment models of waste management have so far underplayed the importance of the waste collection phase, addressing it only in a simplified fashion, either by requesting the total amount of fuel used as a direct user input or by calculating it based on a set of input parameters and fixed diesel consumption factors. However, if the main purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency of the collection system itself, a more detailed analysis of the collection phase is required, avoiding oversimplified and potentially misleading conclusions. The new LCA collection model presented here relies on a large number of parameters (number and type of containers, collection frequency, distances for the various legs of transport, etc.) and allows the detailed predictive analysis of alternative collection scenarios. The results of applying this newly developed model to a number of experimental case studies in Portugal are analyzed, discussed, and compared to those produced by a selection of pre-existing, more simplified models such as ORWARE and MSW-DST. The new model is confirmed as being the most accurate and, importantly, as the only one capable of predicting the consequences of a range of possible changes in the collection parameters.

ACS Style

Alba Bala; Marco Raugei; Carlos Teixeira; Alberto Fernández; Francisco Pan-Montojo; Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. Assessing the Environmental Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Collection: A New Predictive LCA Model. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5810 .

AMA Style

Alba Bala, Marco Raugei, Carlos Teixeira, Alberto Fernández, Francisco Pan-Montojo, Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. Assessing the Environmental Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Collection: A New Predictive LCA Model. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alba Bala; Marco Raugei; Carlos Teixeira; Alberto Fernández; Francisco Pan-Montojo; Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. 2021. "Assessing the Environmental Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Collection: A New Predictive LCA Model." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5810.

Research and analysis
Published: 31 March 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Climate change is disrupting our environment and business‐as‐usual practices will fail to reverse its impact. This paper focuses on the impact of the building sector and, in particular, it questions the energy and environmental benefits of advanced integrated and more conventional building‐applied photovoltaic (PV) systems, compared to a traditional municipality utility supply. A demonstration project named the ecological living module (ELM) is used to create a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of the adoption of these PV systems across three different climatic locations, namely New York City, London, and Nairobi. Findings show that, over the entire life cycle, the solar systems do better than the grid mix in reducing the building's dependence on nonrenewable resources. Unsurprisingly, in comparative terms, these systems do substantially better if the local grid mix is characterized by a predominantly nonrenewable energy profile. When comparing the two solar systems, the environmental impacts of the solar cells are negligible in the advanced system, whereas its structural components result in it being less environmentally friendly than the conventional solar PV. This highlights the possibility of future design iterations of these components to rethink their material ecology in terms of their life cycle—materiality, sourcing, and manufacturing, and so forth. The implications of this work suggest questioning, on a case‐by‐case basis, when and in what contexts integrated solar energy building systems are most plausible. This work also questions the scale at which grid scale distribution should occur.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Naomi Keena; Nick Novelli; Mohamed Aly Etman; Anna Dyson. Life cycle assessment of an ecological living module equipped with conventional rooftop or integrated concentrating photovoltaics. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Naomi Keena, Nick Novelli, Mohamed Aly Etman, Anna Dyson. Life cycle assessment of an ecological living module equipped with conventional rooftop or integrated concentrating photovoltaics. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Naomi Keena; Nick Novelli; Mohamed Aly Etman; Anna Dyson. 2021. "Life cycle assessment of an ecological living module equipped with conventional rooftop or integrated concentrating photovoltaics." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.

Erratum
Published: 27 March 2021 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Mashael Kamran; Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson. Corrigendum to ‘A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies’. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2021, 170, 105582 .

AMA Style

Mashael Kamran, Marco Raugei, Allan Hutchinson. Corrigendum to ‘A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies’. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 170 ():105582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mashael Kamran; Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson. 2021. "Corrigendum to ‘A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies’." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 170, no. : 105582.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Limiting human-induced climate change represents a critical challenge for the future, and due to their disproportionate contribution to the problem, the energy and transport sectors are attracting the most attention in terms of emission reduction roadmaps and targets. Energy storage, particularly electrochemical storage, is poised to be a cornerstone in allowing those sectors to become more sustainable. This study presents the results of an integrated dynamic material flow analysis of the cumulative demand for lithium-ion battery metals (Li, Co, Ni and Mn) by the light duty vehicle and electricity generation sectors in the UK over the next three decades. Results have shown that recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle battery packs is very effective in “closing the loop”, and would enable driving the demand for all four metals back down to present levels by 2050, despite having achieved by then a complete shift to 100% electric vehicles. Additionally, repurposing end-of-life vehicle batteries for grid storage (with over 50 GWh of grid storage capacity expected to be in place by 2050) has been found to enable reducing purpose-built grid storage batteries to zero. Finally, an additional scenario analysis has indicated that a widespread behavioural shift from conventional vehicle ownership to shared mobility could even drive the demand for virgin battery metals into negative territory by 2040.

ACS Style

Mashael Kamran; Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson. A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: Assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2021, 167, 105412 .

AMA Style

Mashael Kamran, Marco Raugei, Allan Hutchinson. A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: Assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 167 ():105412.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mashael Kamran; Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson. 2021. "A dynamic material flow analysis of lithium-ion battery metals for electric vehicles and grid storage in the UK: Assessing the impact of shared mobility and end-of-life strategies." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 167, no. : 105412.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Energies
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This paper presents a detailed life-cycle assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative demand for total and non-renewable primary energy, and energy return on investment (EROI) for the domestic electricity grid mix in the U.S. state of California, using hourly historical data for 2018, and future projections of increased solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity with lithium-ion battery energy storage, so as to achieve 80% net renewable electricity generation in 2030, while ensuring the hourly matching of the supply and demand profiles at all times. Specifically—in line with California’s plans that aim to increase the renewable energy share into the electric grid—in this study, PV installed capacity is assumed to reach 43.7 GW in 2030, resulting of 52% of the 2030 domestic electricity generation. In the modelled 2030 scenario, single-cycle gas turbines and nuclear plants are completely phased out, while combined-cycle gas turbine output is reduced by 30% compared to 2018. Results indicate that 25% of renewable electricity ends up being routed into storage, while 2.8% is curtailed. Results also show that such energy transition strategy would be effective at curbing California’s domestic electricity grid mix carbon emissions by 50%, and reducing demand for non-renewable primary energy by 66%, while also achieving a 10% increase in overall EROI (in terms of electricity output per unit of investment).

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Alessio Peluso; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis. Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Return on Investment for 80% Domestic Renewable Electricity with Battery Storage in California (U.S.A.). Energies 2020, 13, 3934 .

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Alessio Peluso, Enrica Leccisi, Vasilis Fthenakis. Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Return on Investment for 80% Domestic Renewable Electricity with Battery Storage in California (U.S.A.). Energies. 2020; 13 (15):3934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Alessio Peluso; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis. 2020. "Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Return on Investment for 80% Domestic Renewable Electricity with Battery Storage in California (U.S.A.)." Energies 13, no. 15: 3934.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2020 in Energies
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National Grid, the UK’s largest utility company, has produced a number of energy transition scenarios, among which “2 degrees” is the most aggressive in terms of decarbonization. This paper presents the results of a combined prospective net energy and environmental life cycle assessment of the UK electricity grid, based on such a scenario. The main findings are that the strategy is effective at drastically reducing greenhouse gas emissions (albeit to a reduced degree with respect to the projected share of “zero carbon” generation taken at face value), but it entails a trade-off in terms of depletion of metal resources. The grid’s potential toxicity impacts are also expected to remain substantially undiminished with respect to the present. Overall, the analysis indicates that the “2 degrees” scenario is environmentally sound and that it even leads to a modest increase in the net energy delivered to society by the grid (after accounting for the energy investments required to deploy all technologies).

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Mashael Kamran; Allan Hutchinson. A Prospective Net Energy and Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of the UK Electricity Grid. Energies 2020, 13, 2207 .

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Mashael Kamran, Allan Hutchinson. A Prospective Net Energy and Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of the UK Electricity Grid. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Mashael Kamran; Allan Hutchinson. 2020. "A Prospective Net Energy and Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of the UK Electricity Grid." Energies 13, no. 9: 2207.

Full paper
Published: 17 January 2020 in Energy Technology
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Renewable electricity generation is intermittent and its large‐scale deployment will require some degree of energy storage. Although best assessed at grid level, the incremental energy and environmental impacts of adding the required energy storage capacity may also be calculated specifically for each individual technology. This paper deals with the latter issue for the case of photovoltaics (PV) complemented by lithium‐ion battery (LIB) storage. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of a 100MW ground‐mounted PV system with 60MW of (lithium‐manganese oxide) LIB, under a range of irradiation and storage scenarios, show that energy pay‐back time and life‐cycle global warming potential increase by 7% to 30% (depending on storage duration scenarios), with respect to those of PV without storage. Thus the benefits of PV when displacing conventional thermal electricity (in terms of carbon emissions and energy renewability) are only marginally affected by the addition of energy storage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis M. Fthenakis. What Are the Energy and Environmental Impacts of Adding Battery Storage to Photovoltaics? A Generalized Life Cycle Assessment. Energy Technology 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Enrica Leccisi, Vasilis M. Fthenakis. What Are the Energy and Environmental Impacts of Adding Battery Storage to Photovoltaics? A Generalized Life Cycle Assessment. Energy Technology. 2020; 8 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis M. Fthenakis. 2020. "What Are the Energy and Environmental Impacts of Adding Battery Storage to Photovoltaics? A Generalized Life Cycle Assessment." Energy Technology 8, no. 11: 1.

Full paper
Published: 14 January 2020 in Energy Technology
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New York state is at the forefront in the USA and also high on the list globally in setting ambitious targets for the transition to renewable electricity, with 70% of generation mandated to be renewable by 2030. The consequences of the associated drastic shift from conventional steam generators to a mix of wind, photovoltaic and hydroelectric (supplemented by pumped hydro storage to ensure dispatchability) is analysed here from the joint points of view of life cycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis (NEA). Results indicate that not only is the target effective at drastically reducing the grid mix’s carbon emissions and at halving its cumulative demand for imported non‐renewable primary energy, but – contrary to often voiced concerns – it is also compatible with sustaining the current level of net energy delivery (after accounting for the energy investments required to deploy and operate all generators). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

David J. Murphy; Marco Raugei. The Energy Transition in New York: A Greenhouse Gas, Net Energy, and Life‐Cycle Energy Analysis. Energy Technology 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

David J. Murphy, Marco Raugei. The Energy Transition in New York: A Greenhouse Gas, Net Energy, and Life‐Cycle Energy Analysis. Energy Technology. 2020; 8 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David J. Murphy; Marco Raugei. 2020. "The Energy Transition in New York: A Greenhouse Gas, Net Energy, and Life‐Cycle Energy Analysis." Energy Technology 8, no. 11: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Sergio Ulgiati; Gabriella Fiorentino; Marco Raugei; Hans Schnitzer; Massimiliano Lega. Cleaner production for human and environmental well-being. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 237, 1 .

AMA Style

Sergio Ulgiati, Gabriella Fiorentino, Marco Raugei, Hans Schnitzer, Massimiliano Lega. Cleaner production for human and environmental well-being. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 237 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Ulgiati; Gabriella Fiorentino; Marco Raugei; Hans Schnitzer; Massimiliano Lega. 2019. "Cleaner production for human and environmental well-being." Journal of Cleaner Production 237, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Joule
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ACS Style

Marco Raugei. Energy Return on Investment: Setting the Record Straight. Joule 2019, 3, 1810 -1811.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei. Energy Return on Investment: Setting the Record Straight. Joule. 2019; 3 (8):1810-1811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei. 2019. "Energy Return on Investment: Setting the Record Straight." Joule 3, no. 8: 1810-1811.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2019 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Solar thermal energy is considered a ‘clean’ form of energy; however, environmental impacts occur during its life-cycle. The present work compares the environmental performance of two scenarios: a solar thermal system for providing domestic hot water (DHW) used in conjunction with a traditional natural gas heating system, and the natural gas heating system on its own. Weak points are found and different eco-design scenarios are evaluated in order to achieve a more circular economy. In addition, the authors explore what would be the national Greenhouse Gas emission reduction potential of a wider use of domestic solar hot water systems (DSHW) in China’s and Spain’s built environment. In this case, five displacement methods are suggested to show how the emissions reduction vary. Through a review of the state of the art and a Life Cycle Assessment of a solar system the two scenarios are assessed. Some impact categories, such as global warming, suggest a markedly better performance of the solar system (-65%). However, weak points in the solar solution have been identified as there is an increase of impacts in cases such as acidification (+6%) and eutrophication (+61%), mostly due to the metals used. The components with higher environmental impact are the collector, the tank, and the copper tubes. The reduction of national emissions by promoting DSHW depends on the actual displaced technology/ies. The consequences on national emissions reduction depending on these choices are assessed. The potential reduction of emissions, if 30% of the DHW were covered with solar sources, would be between 0.38% and 0.50% in the case of Spain and between 0.12% and 0.63% in China.

ACS Style

Jaume Albertí; Juliana Raigosa; Marco Raugei; Rafael Assiego; Joan Ribas-Tur; Núria Garrido-Soriano; Linghui Zhang; Guobao Song; Patxi Hernández; Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. Life Cycle Assessment of a solar thermal system in Spain, eco-design alternatives and derived climate change scenarios at Spanish and Chinese National levels. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019, 47, 101467 .

AMA Style

Jaume Albertí, Juliana Raigosa, Marco Raugei, Rafael Assiego, Joan Ribas-Tur, Núria Garrido-Soriano, Linghui Zhang, Guobao Song, Patxi Hernández, Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. Life Cycle Assessment of a solar thermal system in Spain, eco-design alternatives and derived climate change scenarios at Spanish and Chinese National levels. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 47 ():101467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaume Albertí; Juliana Raigosa; Marco Raugei; Rafael Assiego; Joan Ribas-Tur; Núria Garrido-Soriano; Linghui Zhang; Guobao Song; Patxi Hernández; Pere Fullana-I-Palmer. 2019. "Life Cycle Assessment of a solar thermal system in Spain, eco-design alternatives and derived climate change scenarios at Spanish and Chinese National levels." Sustainable Cities and Society 47, no. : 101467.

Comment
Published: 28 January 2019 in Nature Energy
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Energy return on investment (EROI) is a critical measure of the comparative utility of different energy carriers, including fossil fuels and renewables. However, it must not be used to compare carriers that cannot be put to similar end-use. In addition, combining carriers to arrive at estimates of ‘average’ or ‘minimum’ EROIs can be problematic.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei. Net energy analysis must not compare apples and oranges. Nature Energy 2019, 4, 86 -88.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei. Net energy analysis must not compare apples and oranges. Nature Energy. 2019; 4 (2):86-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei. 2019. "Net energy analysis must not compare apples and oranges." Nature Energy 4, no. 2: 86-88.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The transport sector as a whole – and within it passenger cars in particular – is currently responsible for a large share of the total greenhouse gas emissions of many developed and developing countries, and a transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is often seen as a key stepping stone towards the de-carbonization of personal mobility. Research is on-going in the continuous development and improvement of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, which may use a range of several different metals in conjunction with lithium itself, such as: lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), and lithium nickel-cobalt-aluminium oxide (NCA). Within the MARS-EV research project, a new cell chemistry has been developed and tested, using a lithium cobalt phosphate (LCP) formulation. This work presents the first life cycle assessment (LCA) for such LCP batteries, including a newly-developed hydrometallurgical battery recycling process which enables the end-of-life recovery of not only the valuable metals, but also of the graphite component, thereby avoiding the associated CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Patricia Winfield. Prospective LCA of the production and EoL recycling of a novel type of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 213, 926 -932.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Patricia Winfield. Prospective LCA of the production and EoL recycling of a novel type of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 213 ():926-932.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Patricia Winfield. 2018. "Prospective LCA of the production and EoL recycling of a novel type of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles." Journal of Cleaner Production 213, no. : 926-932.

Editorial
Published: 17 October 2018 in Ecological Indicators
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ACS Style

Mark Brown; Marco Raugei; Silvio Viglia; Marco Casazza; Hans Schnitzer; Olga Kordas; Sergio Ulgiati. Editorial: Indicators of Energy Use in Urban Systems. Ecological Indicators 2018, 94, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Mark Brown, Marco Raugei, Silvio Viglia, Marco Casazza, Hans Schnitzer, Olga Kordas, Sergio Ulgiati. Editorial: Indicators of Energy Use in Urban Systems. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 94 ():1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark Brown; Marco Raugei; Silvio Viglia; Marco Casazza; Hans Schnitzer; Olga Kordas; Sergio Ulgiati. 2018. "Editorial: Indicators of Energy Use in Urban Systems." Ecological Indicators 94, no. : 1-3.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly regarded as the way forward to deliver a much-needed improvement in the transport sector's sustainability profile, and the UK is embarking on a major transition towards them. While previous studies focused mainly on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this article assesses the extent to which EVs may contribute to reducing the UK's dependence on (mostly imported) non-renewable primary energy. The study combines a life-cycle model of a compact battery electric vehicle (BEV) with a prospective energy analysis of a range of electricity supply alternatives for the vehicle's use phase. The key metric analysed is the non-renewable cumulative energy demand (nr-CED). Results show that, already under current conditions, the nr-CED of a compact BEV in the UK is lower by approximately 34% with respect to that of an otherwise similar internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Such reduction is then expected to improve further under all future scenarios, indicating that a transition to EVs is indeed a recommendable option to reduce the UK's demand for non-renewable energy, especially if this is accompanied by a shift to a more renewable electric grid.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson; Denise Morrey. Can electric vehicles significantly reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy? Scenarios of compact vehicles in the UK as a case in point. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 201, 1043 -1051.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Allan Hutchinson, Denise Morrey. Can electric vehicles significantly reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy? Scenarios of compact vehicles in the UK as a case in point. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 201 ():1043-1051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Allan Hutchinson; Denise Morrey. 2018. "Can electric vehicles significantly reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy? Scenarios of compact vehicles in the UK as a case in point." Journal of Cleaner Production 201, no. : 1043-1051.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2018 in Energy
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Chile is one of the fastest-growing economies in Latin America, with a mainly fossil fuelled electricity demand and a population projected to surpass 20 million by 2035. Chile is undergoing a transition to renewable energies due to ambitious national targets, namely to generate 60% of its electricity from local renewable energy by 2035, and to achieve a 45%renewable energy share for all new electric installed capacity. In this work, we present a comprehensive energy analysis of the electricity generation technologies currently deployed in Chile. Then, we analyse potential future scenarios, considering a large deployment of RE, mainly PV and wind, to replace coal-fired electricity. The life cycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis (NEA) methods are applied in parallel to provide complementary indicators, respectively nr-CED and EROI, and identify weak spots and future opportunities. Special focus is given to the effect on EROI of transporting fossil fuels to Chile. Results show that a large deployment of PV and wind can significantly improve the overall net energy performance of electricity generation in Chile, while leading to an electricity supply mix that is >60% less reliant on non-renewable energy.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rodrigo Escobar Moragas; Yeliz Simsek. Net energy analysis and life cycle energy assessment of electricity supply in Chile: Present status and future scenarios. Energy 2018, 162, 659 -668.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Enrica Leccisi, Vasilis Fthenakis, Rodrigo Escobar Moragas, Yeliz Simsek. Net energy analysis and life cycle energy assessment of electricity supply in Chile: Present status and future scenarios. Energy. 2018; 162 ():659-668.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rodrigo Escobar Moragas; Yeliz Simsek. 2018. "Net energy analysis and life cycle energy assessment of electricity supply in Chile: Present status and future scenarios." Energy 162, no. : 659-668.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Energy Policy
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The increasing contribution of renewable energies to electricity grids in order to address impending environmental challenges implies a reduction in non-renewable resource use and an alignment with a global transition toward a low-carbon electric sector. In this paper, four future UK grid mix scenarios with increased photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity are assessed and compared to a benchmark “Low PV” scenario, from 2016 to 2035. The complexity of the issue requires a multi-disciplinary approach to evaluate the availability of net energy, environmental aspects and technical performance. Hence, the comparison between scenarios includes short-term and long-term energy metrics as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) and technical metrics. Also, the paper considers the viewpoints offered by both an “integrative” and a “dynamic” approach to net energy analysis. Results for all five analysed scenarios indicate that increased PV deployment will not be detrimental to the UK grid performance from the points of view of a wide range of system-level technical (% renewable energy curtailment to ensure grid stability), energy (energy return on investment and non-renewable cumulative energy demand) and environmental (greenhouse gas emissions) metrics.

ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Brian Azzopardi; Christopher Jones; Paul Gilbert; Lingxi Zhang; Yutian Zhou; Sarah Mander; Pierluigi Mancarella. A multi-disciplinary analysis of UK grid mix scenarios with large-scale PV deployment. Energy Policy 2018, 114, 51 -62.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Enrica Leccisi, Brian Azzopardi, Christopher Jones, Paul Gilbert, Lingxi Zhang, Yutian Zhou, Sarah Mander, Pierluigi Mancarella. A multi-disciplinary analysis of UK grid mix scenarios with large-scale PV deployment. Energy Policy. 2018; 114 ():51-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Enrica Leccisi; Brian Azzopardi; Christopher Jones; Paul Gilbert; Lingxi Zhang; Yutian Zhou; Sarah Mander; Pierluigi Mancarella. 2018. "A multi-disciplinary analysis of UK grid mix scenarios with large-scale PV deployment." Energy Policy 114, no. : 51-62.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

Marco Raugei; Sgouris Sgouridis; David Murphy; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rolf Frischknecht; Christian Breyer; Ugo Bardi; Charles Barnhart; Alastair Buckley; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Dénes Csala; Mariska de Wild-Scholten; Garvin Heath; Arnulf Jäger-Waldau; Christopher Jones; Arthur Keller; Enrica Leccisi; Pierluigi Mancarella; Nicola Pearsall; Adam Siegel; Wim Sinke; Philippe Stolz. Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response. Energy Policy 2017, 102, 377 -384.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Sgouris Sgouridis, David Murphy, Vasilis Fthenakis, Rolf Frischknecht, Christian Breyer, Ugo Bardi, Charles Barnhart, Alastair Buckley, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Dénes Csala, Mariska de Wild-Scholten, Garvin Heath, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Christopher Jones, Arthur Keller, Enrica Leccisi, Pierluigi Mancarella, Nicola Pearsall, Adam Siegel, Wim Sinke, Philippe Stolz. Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response. Energy Policy. 2017; 102 ():377-384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Sgouris Sgouridis; David Murphy; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rolf Frischknecht; Christian Breyer; Ugo Bardi; Charles Barnhart; Alastair Buckley; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Dénes Csala; Mariska de Wild-Scholten; Garvin Heath; Arnulf Jäger-Waldau; Christopher Jones; Arthur Keller; Enrica Leccisi; Pierluigi Mancarella; Nicola Pearsall; Adam Siegel; Wim Sinke; Philippe Stolz. 2017. "Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response." Energy Policy 102, no. : 377-384.