Currently, Luzhou in the Sichuan Basin is a focal point for shale-gas exploration and development in China. However, a lack of detailed research on the mineral composition of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation (WF-LF) shale is hindering the extraction of deep-buried shale gas in the Luzhou shale play. Herein, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with the Advanced Mineral Identification and Characterization System (AMICS) software was employed to analyze the mineral composition of the WF-LF shale from six wells in Luzhou. Quartz was the dominant mineral type, (16.9–87.21%, average 51.33%), followed by illite, calcite, dolomite, and pyrite. Our study revealed that (1) quartz content showed a moderate positive correlation with the total organic carbon (TOC) content, indicating that the quartz found in the shale is mostly of biological origin; and (2) the sum content of siliceous minerals and carbonaceous minerals was moderately positively correlated with the brittleness index (BRIT) in well SS1H2-7 and in the well group of RS8 and RS5, indicating that the siliceous minerals and carbonaceous minerals had an active effect on reservoir compressibility. Finally, according to the mineralogical features of each sublayer, we identified four types of reservoirs to determine their scope for exploration.