Plastics are one of the basic construction materials with a wide range of various applications. One of their disadvantages is the problem of managing the waste they generate. Chemical recycling offers the possibility of liquefying polymeric waste and using it as fuel components. Existing technologies giving good quality products are expensive. The HT technology developed and described by the authors is cheaper and enables a high quality product to be obtained. The authors have shown that the quality of the received fuel components is influenced not only by the polymer waste processing technology, but also by the feedstock composition. The presented thermolysis technology not only enables more advanced recycling, but also gives the possibility of partial improvement of the product quality. A product with the best physico-chemical properties was obtained from a blend of PE:PP:PS used in the ratio 60:30:10. It was proved that diesel and petrol blends composed of a 5% v/v share of petrol and diesel fractions, obtained from thermolysis of plastics, meet the normative requirements of fuel quality standards.

The physical structure of asphaltene dispersion in crude oil is important from the point of view of refining technology and can subject to modification, for example, using an aromatic component, such as pyrolysis oil. The lab results were verified in industrial tests in the atmospheric-vacuum distillation (AVD) process of crude oil. Positive test results made it possible to use pyrolysis oil on an industrial scale as the component, favorably changing crude oil’s dispersion structure and properties. The implementation of a new method of distillation of crude oil partially confirmed the expected effects and revealed new aspects of technology modification. In the course of research on this type of petroleum dispersion, carried out for the refining industry, several patented solutions have been developed, some of which have been successfully applied in the industry.

The chapter presents experimental data, published in numerous source materials and reviews, on the mutual solubility of water in hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons in water, relationship of water solubility in hydrocarbons depending on the structure of the organic compound molecule and the change of solubility as a function of temperature. Possibilities of water solubilization, dissolved and dispersed in hydrocarbons, their mixtures as well as fractions, and petroleum products were analyzed. With the help of turbidimetric measurements, surfactants and mixtures of surfactants with the highest water solubilization capacity in fuels were selected. Different methods of dewatering of distillate fractions, gasolines, and diesel fuels with the use of coalescing partitions were investigated. A number of barrier materials, methods of modifying the structure of the partition, and the hydrophilicity of glass fibers were tested, obtaining very good results in industrial applications.