The aim of this research was to examine possible antioxidant, cytotoxic and neurological activity of methanol and n-hexane extracts of Bixa orellana leaves. Additionally, we aimed to identify potential lead compounds through in-silico analysis. In-vitro antioxidative properties were investigated through different assays, including: total phenolic content assay (TPC), total flavonoid content assay (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Also, the cytotoxic effect of the samples was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test. In addition, anxiolytic, locomotor, and CNS depressant activities were assessed utilizing various established methods. Moreover, reported compounds were used in the in silico study to explore the best-fit phytoconstituents against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA_A) receptor. MBOL displayed substantial antioxidative activities in various established assays compared to NBOL. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, both MBOL and NBOL revealed cytotoxic activity in a concentration-dependent approach. Again, in Elevated Plus Maze test, 200 and 400 mg/kg of NBOL and MBOL demonstrated significant anxiolytic activities evident from time spent in open arms. In addition, maximum number of head dipping was demonstrated by MBOL at 400 mg/kg (53.90 ± 1.16) in Hole Board test. NBOL and MBOL at both doses significantly diminished the magnitude of movements from the 2nd to 5th observation periods in Open Field test. Furthermore, in Hole Cross test, MBOL remarkably dwindled the locomotor activity at 120 min and 180 min (3.60 ± 0.40 and 2.40 ± 0.51) at 400 mg/kg. Finally, in silico analysis revealed 13 compounds as promising leads with strong binding affinity to GABA_A receptor along with good pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. Therefore, the present study's findings advocate the traditional usage of this plant and recommend both MBOL and NBOL as as a potential source of therapeutic candidate for the management of neurological disorders.

Rambai (Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg.), a member of the Phyllanthaceae family, is one of the underutilized fruits native to Indonesia, Malaya Peninsula, and Thailand. Nowadays, B. motleyana is cultivated for its fruits in many parts of Northern Australia, China, and Southeast Asia. The edible part of the fruit is white and contains reddish arillodes that taste sweet to acid‐sweet. The ripe fruit is consumed fresh and can be processed into juice, jams, organic vinegar, and wine. Traditionally, the fruit and its bark are used to treat stomach and eye diseases, respectively. The fruits of B. motleyana are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and fibers, and they also contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and terpenes. This scientific review describes the nutritional composition, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of B. motleyana. In addition, most recent information is provided to promote the widespread consumption of B. motleyana fruit as well as to create research interest on this interesting species among the scientific community.

Debnath P, Shill BR, Sarkar KK. 2025. Phytochemical profile and GC-MS analysis of Flacourtia jangomas fruit for therapeutic applications. Biodiversitas 26: 6140-6150. The application of natural compounds and their structural analogs plays a pivotal role in modern pharmacotherapy. Flacourtia jangomas, a member of the Salicaceae family, is known for its traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological potential. The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical constituents of hydroalcoholic whole-fruit extracts of F. jangomas through preliminary phytochemical screening and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids. GC-MS/MS analysis identified 23 bioactive compounds, with Glycidyl Palmitate (30.92%) and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (13.92%) being the most abundant. Other compounds included 3-Methylthiophene-2-carboxamide (5.46%), (2R,6R)-2-Heptyl-6-Methylpiperidine (2.77%), Sebacic acid, isohexyl 2-naphthyl ester (1.72%), Sedoheptulosan (1.69%), 2(5H)-Furanon (1.53%), 1,2-Ethanediol, Dipropionate (1.27%), 2-Furancarboxylic Acid, Hydrazide (1.15%), and Trans-2-Methyl-4-N-Butylthiane, S,S-Dioxide (1.09%), and others in lower concentrations. A number of compounds identified in the sample through GC-MS/MS analysis have been previously reported to exhibit antioxidant properties. The presence of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic metabolites such as glycidyl palmitate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, eugenol, and coumarin supports its traditional medicinal uses. These results highlight the potential application of F. jangomas fruit extracts in the development of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and plant-based pharmaceuticals aimed at managing oxidative stress-related disorders, metabolic diseases, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Cucurbitacin E (CuE) is a potent bioactive compound derived from the family of cucurbitaceae. CuE has recently been demonstrated to have outstanding potential to inhibit the growth of different kinds of cancer cells. CuE has been proven to have a strong anticancer effect on lung cancer in different in vitro and in vivo studies up to this date. In the present study, molecular docking of CuE was performed against three major proteins respectively myosin 9b [5C5S (Chain: A, B, C, D)], epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRK) [1M17 (Chain: A)] and yes-associated protein (YAP) [3KYS (Chain: A, C)] associated with lung cancer. Different types of computers based softwires like GaussView 6.0, Gabedit, Swiss-PDB, Pymol, PyRx (Version 0.8), Discover Studio (2021) etc. are used for computational study. On the other hand, for developing the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug several online servers like Drug bank online, Pub Chem, RCSB:PDB, Webmo server, Online smile convertor, ADMET prediction, PASS prediction, Drug likeness analysis etc. are used. The molecular docking results showed that CuE possessed the best ligand protein interaction with 5C5S (Chain: A) protein where the binding score was -9.1 kJ/mol. Moreover, the non-bonding interactions ensure the significant binding affinity of CuE with 5C5S (Chain: A) protein to show antineoplastic effect against lung cancer. However, the present study reveals that CuE is the potent anti-lung cancer lead compound confirmed by the ligand protein interactions, ADMET calculation, PASS prediction and drug likeness analysis. Therefore, this study may be helpful towards the research community to think CuE as the best antineoplastic agent for treating lung cancer.

Basella alba L. (Malabar spinach/Indian spinach) is a widely consumed leafy vegetable with traditional medicinal uses. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the phytochemical composition, functional groups, bioactive constituents, molecular docking and in vitro biological activities of leaf, fruit, and stem extracts of Basella alba . Quantitative results indicated that both TPC and TFC followed the order fruit > leaf > stem, with values of 654.18 ± 7.97, 394.19 ± 4.60, 335.97 ± 6.26 mg GAE/g and 720.36 ± 13.99, 684.71 ± 16.46, 561.29 ± 5.93 mg QE/g, respectively ( p < 0.05). FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as O–H, C=C, C–N, C=O corresponding to alcohols, amines, esters, carboxylic acids etc. consistent with GC–MS profiles. GC–MS analysis identified some top major compounds, including 1‐methyl‐5‐fluorouracil (9.63%), 3‐methylquinoline (8.55%), 1‐ethyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3,4‐diamine (6.83%) in leaf, fruit and stem extract respectively. Antioxidant assays showed that the fruit extract exhibited the strongest activity, with the lowest IC₅₀ values for DPPH (25.27 ± 1.41 μg/mL) and H ₂ O ₂ (44.67 ± 2.54 μg/mL), and the highest TAC (570.09 ± 27.27 mg AAE/g), followed by leaf and stem extracts ( p < 0.05), In contrast, the leaf extract exhibited the highest antidiabetic activity with IC ₅₀ = 50.63 ± 1.93 μg/mL (α‐amylase) and 27.81 ± 1.85 μg/mL (α‐glucosidase), followed by fruit and stem extracts ( p < 0.05). Molecular docking indicated that 3‐methylquinoline from the fruit has the highest binding affinity for oxidoreductase (−8.3 kcal/mol), whereas 1H‐naphth[1,2‐d]imidazole from the leaf showed the strongest affinities for α‐amylase (−6.6 kcal/mol) and maltase‐glucoamylase (−7.1 kcal/mol), with favorable drug‐like properties. These findings support the ethnomedicinal relevence of B. alba and suggest its different parts may provide complementary therapeutic benefits.