The aim of the article is to analyze the method of determining the maintenance costs of buildings based on the method proposed in Polish legal regulations. The analysis of the sensitivity of the method shows that the assumed number of product use cycles during the calculation period has the greatest impact, while the adopted warranty period has the lowest impact. A multi-functional building combining housing, office, service and commercial was analyzed in order to obtain a broader picture of the model’s operation. The results of the analyses allow us to conclude that despite the higher price of materials, the most durable solutions, which are the most expensive to purchase, turn out to be the most advantageous in the entire life cycle of the building. The method proposed in Polish law regulations has certain limitations. In order to level them, it was proposed to extend the method by using NPV (Net Present Value) for calculations and extending the life cycle of the building to 80 years.

The aim of this article is to create a model, based on regression analysis, that will calculate the predicted annual renovation costs in educational buildings. To find the correlation between different variables and the renovation costs, two phases of analysis were distinguished. The aim of the first phase was to find the correlations with different variables and the renovation costs on a selected, small package of data. The second phase was more detailed, the final database was wider, and the variables’ correlations based on the findings achieved in the first phase were used. In the second phase, 55 buildings, located in Cracow (Poland) and Lodz (Poland), have been analyzed and the costs of renovation were compared. The results of the research showed that maintenance costs for educational buildings can be predicted in the coming years by knowing the usable area and the period since the last major renovation until today, which needs to be expressed in years. To predict future cost expenditure, a cumulative year-on-year bivariate linear regression model was calculated. The trend line equation has been determined, which allows to predict the renovation costs in the accurate short term. The developed model can be used by owners and managers of public buildings in the proper planning of expenses related to the maintenance of facilities.

Long-term renovation strategies (LTRSs) play a central role in achieving the European Union’s objective of a climate-neutral building stock by 2050. In Poland, the challenge is particularly acute: a majority of the building stock was constructed before 1990 and does not even meet basic thermal performance standards. In view of the state of the buildings in Poland and the assumptions made about obtaining the necessary energy parameters in the coming years, it is necessary to undertake thermal modernization measures. The purpose of the paper is to assess the economic efficiency of the variants of modernization of building stock in Poland, taking into account the constraints related to improving energy efficiency. Additionally, the article also points out the problem of discrepancies resulting from climate zones that may significantly affect the final primary energy results (on average, 5–15%). In order to achieve the objectives, the paper focuses on the analysis of energy sources. According to the overall score in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, the best solutions, with a global priority of 0.46, are renewable energy sources (RESs). The evaluation of selected fuel types in the 2055 perspective, using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method, indicate favorable environmental performance by sources based on electricity, i.e., air-source heat pumps, ground-source heat pumps, and electric heating, which achieved the highest relative closeness to the ideal solution. Heat pump systems can reduce energy consumption by 26–41% depending on the building and heat pump type. The final analysis in the paper concerns different options for thermal modernization of a model single-family house, taking into account different energy sources and stages of thermal modernization work. The scenario involves the simultaneous implementation of all renovation measures at an early stage, resulting in the lowest investment burden over time and the most favorable economic performance.

In this article, comprehensive insights into the field of building maintenance, emphasizing the importance of keywords, collaborative efforts among authors, and the evolving research landscape, are provided. The use stage, as the longest phase in a building’s life cycle, involves economic, technical, and social activities. Numerous authors have contributed to the broader topic of building maintenance, covering aspects such as maintenance prioritization, improvement actions, decision-making guidelines, factors affecting success, cost estimation models, and BIM usage in maintenance. The study conducts a thorough literature review using Scopus as a search engine, employing the full-counting method for authorship, and uses VOSviewer 1.6.20 software for bibliometric analysis to identify gaps and outline future research directions. The results reveal distinct data sets focusing on building maintenance from general to specific, with each set reflecting unique aspects and considerations. Bibliometric maps illustrate author collaboration and keyword connections within each set, highlighting evolving research trends and areas of focus. Overall, the analysis highlights the importance of prioritizing maintenance, integrating technology, and fostering collaboration to enhance building maintenance in educational institutions. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the ongoing need for exploration and development in building maintenance, especially on maintenance strategies and Life Cycle Costs of university buildings.

The article analyzes long-term renovation strategies in EU member countries using the F-TOPSIS method, focusing on chosen criteria such as CO₂ emission reductions, renovation rates, energy savings, investment requirements, and overall strategy quality. High-performing countries, such as Finland and Spain, demonstrate the importance of clear targets, robust planning, and substantial financial commitments. In contrast, several countries show gaps in strategic detail or ambition, highlighting challenges in achieving EU climate neutrality goals. The methodology underscores the effectiveness of multi-criteria decision-making tools in assessing complex renovation strategies. The findings emphasize the need for harmonized metrics and innovative approaches, such as digital tools like building renovation passports.

In the article comprehensive insights into the field of building maintenance, emphasizing the importance of keywords, collaborative efforts among authors, and the evolving research landscape are provided. The study conducts a thorough literature review using Scopus as a search engine, employing the full-counting method for authorship, and VOSviewer software for bibliometric analysis. The results reveal distinct data sets focusing on building maintenance from general to specific, with each set reflecting unique aspects and considerations. Bibliometric maps illustrate author collaboration and keyword connections within each set, highlighting evolving research trends and areas of focus. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the ongoing need for exploration and development in building maintenance.