The main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the effect of financial inclusion on financial sustainability, financial efficiency, gross domestic product, and human development in the context of G20 nations. This study has employed annual data of 15 developed and emerging economies during the period from 2004 to 2017. The current study has utilized a single index for financial inclusion, financial sustainability, and financial efficiency by employing principal composite analysis (PCA). The outcomes of the panel stationarity test confirmed the ARDL model for both the long and short runs. Equally, the findings of the ARDL Model 1 showed no association between financial inclusion and financial sustainability in the short run, however, in the long run, inclusive finance showed a significant impact on sustainability. Likewise, the ARDL Model 2 showed that financial inclusion has no effect on efficiency in the short run, while it positively influenced financial efficiency in the long run. The results of the ARDL Model 3 are also similar to Models 1 and 2 where inclusive finance showed no effect on poverty in the short run, but a significant effect in long run. Similarly, the ARDL Model 4 also presented no association between GDP and inclusive finance in the short run, while it showed significant relationships in the long run. Moreover, the outcomes of the GMM Model 1 showed a significant impact of inclusive finance on financial stability, and these results were similar to the GMM Model 2 between financial inclusion and financial efficiency. Additionally, GMM Models 3 and 4 have shown that inclusive finance has a statistically significant impact on poverty and economic expansion, respectively. The outcomes of this article are essential for policymakers, academics, regulators, and practitioners with valuable and convincing debate over financial inclusion, economic growth, poverty, sustainability, and financial efficiency.

This groundbreaking study looked at the issue of pollution of the environment in the E7 countries from 2002 and 2022. We implemented ARDL to investigate how GDP, institutional quality, trade openness, and technological innovation affect CO2 emissions, CH4 emissions, and N2O emissions, which are regarded as indicators of environmental pollution. The findings show that the variables have a lasting, substantial association and all the factors e.g institutional quality, technology innovation, economic growth and trade openness are important factors to effect environmental pollution, except institutional all other factors cause increase in environmental damage because these variables bring increase in CO? emission whereas institutional quality plays a supportive role in environment. In contrast to institutional quality, which has a negative and statistically significant relationship with CO?, trade openness, economic growth, and innovation in technology all have positive and statistically significant relation with carbon dioxide emission. On the other hand, IQ, TOP, and GDP has significant and positive association with Nitrous oxide (N20). Trade openness and Methane (CH4) have a negative relationship which means trade helps to reduce methane emission in the examined countries, although GDP and CH4 have a positive relationship. These E-7 countries should follow an environmentally friendly path to achieve their desired level of GDP. These countries should check the quality of their institutions law and order situations, accountability and control of corruption to improve the condition of environment in the case of N?O.

Purpose: The gradual expansion of the tourism sector is raising concerns about whether tourism-based economies are conducive to supporting green growth. Hence, the current study aims to analyze the direct impact of tourism motives on green growth along with the indirect impact of tourism-based economic expansion while controlling for country risk and renewable energy.Design/methodology/approach: An unbalanced panel data for a sample of 21 countries comprising OECD and non-OECD economies are employed for the analysis.Findings: Regression results reveal that leisure tourism (LT) significantly and positively influences CO₂ intensity compared to business tourism (BT). Propensity score matching results show that the most traveled tourist destinations contribute more to CO₂ intensity than those less traveled. Mediation analysis by employing Baron and Kenny’s three-step regression, Sobel’s test and Monte Carlo test shows that tourism-based economic expansion significantly mediates between the nexus of LT and CO₂ intensity.Practical implications: Results of the study provide useful practical implications for sustainable economy and green growth. It recommends to mitigate the challenges of LT, reducing the negative impact and to harness the potential of BT, enhancing the positive influence, through various policies and practices.Originality/value: This study is the first to examine the impact of LT and BT on green growth, to explore the role of destination popularity and the mediating role of tourism-based economic expansion in this relationship.

The escalating threat of climate change has placed carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at the forefront of global environmental policy. The relationship between carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and information technology (IT) is crucial in shaping international climate change strategies. This study investigates the impact of information technology, trade globalisation (TG), and economic complexity (EC) on CO₂ emissions in BRICS countries using panel data from 1996 to 2018. The analysis applies the CUP-FM estimator to assess long-run relationships and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test to evaluate directionality. The results show that information technology significantly reduces CO₂ emissions. This effect is primarily driven by the promotion of the service sector, reduced material use, and improved energy efficiency. In contrast, trade globalisation has an inconsistent impact. While it can lower emissions through technology diffusion and efficiency gains, it can also increase them due to Scale Effects and the relocation of polluting industries. This study also identifies a U-shaped relationship between economic complexity and CO₂ emissions, indicating that emissions initially rise with complexity but decline as innovation and clean production practices improve. These findings suggest that developing digital infrastructure and green technologies and trade Globalisation can promote sustainable development in BRICS economies. Therefore, policymakers should prioritise strengthening the IT environment, fostering international trade partnerships, and integrating clean technologies to balance economic growth with environmental protection.