Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is mostly grown in temperate climate conditions. The rising demand for natural fibres other than cotton has re-introduced flax cultivation in to the agenda. This situation has necessitated the acceleration of flax production research in Turkey. The purpose of this research is to discover the best seeding density for flax fibre cultivation. The trials were carried out with the Rolin flax variety at the coordinates 41°21′53″ N and 36°11′17″ E, during the winter seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, at densities of 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 plant m⁻², by using a random block design. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance, where all these charectors examined viz, years, densities, year and density interaction were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). The highest straw, fiber and seed yields per decare were measured at 2000 plant m⁻² density, while as the lowest values were determined at 500 plant m⁻² density. However In the interaction of year and density, the highest plant height and technical length were measured in the first year at 1750 plant m⁻² density at 102.7 cm and 80.2 cm, respectively. Similarly the highest straw yield (764 kg da⁻¹), fiber yield (198.6 kg da⁻¹) and seed yield (133.9 kg da⁻¹) were measured in the first year at 2000 plant m⁻² density. Adequate rainfall during the rapid development stage of winter flax in April-May boosted plant height, technical length, straw, seed, and fibre yield. Although the yields were low during the second year, which was dry. While the positive significant correlation (**; p < 0.01) was found between plant density and plant height (r = 0.907 **), straw yield per decare (r = 0.981 **), seed yield per decare (r = 0.973 **), fiber yield per decare (0.978 **), technical length (r = 0.828; * p < 0.05), negative significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between plant density and the number of secondary branches (r = −0.955 **), stem diameter (−0.955 **) and plant seed weight (r = −0.923 **). According to the data recorded in two-years. It was observed that for high straw, fiber and seed yield, 2000 plant m⁻² density was appropriate for cultivating flax fiber during the winter growing period in mild climate conditions.

The flax is one of the oldest known cultivated plants of the World that benefited from seeds and fibers. It is an important nutrient because of the rich α-linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, short chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble and insoluble fibers, phytoestrogenic lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglycoside-SDG), waxy and mucilage compounds, protein and antioxidant compounds. In addition, the seed contains components effective in reducing cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, digestive system, urinary tract disorders, osteoporosis, cancer, arthritis, autoimmune and neurological diseases. Seed protein content varies between 20-30%, of which approximately 80% consists of globulins and 20% glutelines. The amino acid level is so rich and gluten-free. The unconscious consumption of seed may cause toxicity due to trypsin, myo-inositol phosphate inhibitors, cadmium and cyanogenic glycosides in the seed. The seed should be consumed as milled flour after absolute heat treatment. Side effects may be seen in pregnant and young men due to hormonal effects of lignan. It may be oxidized shortly after grinding due to the fatty acids present in the seed. Flax fibers (Linen) have been used in house and fabric textiles, sailing and tent making since 7040 BC. The fibers are gold-yellow in color, the qualitative and moisture absorption capacity is very low, easily creasing. For this reason, the linen keeps the skin cool and does not sweat. Fiber is also an important source for healthy insulation materials, biocomposites, structural application materials for automotive, contributing both to the environment and to human health. In this paper, the effects of flax on human health and methods of traditional uses in Turkey were discussed with references.

Organic fertilizers increase soil aeration, water and nutrient holding capacity, improve seed germination and encourage the production of thicker roots, increase the yield and quality of the crop. This study was aimed to determine the effects of organic fertilizer (vermicompost, sheep manure, cattle manure, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer as control) applications on the root and plant development of soybean during two growth stages, namely third trifoliate stage (V3) and beginning of flowering of the plants (R1) in the pot condition. The experiment was established with a two-factorial randomized plot design with four replications. The fertilizer applications had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the V3 and R1 growth stages of soybean. The highest plant height (36.78 cm) and root length (41.18 cm) were achieved with vermicompost, and the lowest plant height (21.73 cm) was recorded with inorganic fertilizer. The number of nodules was highest for vermicompost and cattle manure applications (17.16 plant-1 and 16.76 plant-1, respectively), and lowest for poultry manure (0.22 plant-1). In the R1 growth stage, poultry manure produced the highest biological fresh and dry weights, root dry weight at 25.08 g plant-1 and 5.67 g plant-1, 3.99 g plant-1 respectively. As a result, it was demonstrated that vermicompost and poultry manure applications promote strong root and plant development due to high organic matter and phosphorus and can be used successfully without inorganic fertilize application in soybean farming.

This study was carried out to reveal the feasibility of fiber flax cultivation as a profitable production activity in the Middle Black Sea Region and whether it can be an alternative product to winter wheat. The main materials of the research were the production data of fiber flax grown under farmer conditions in the trial areas in 3 locations in Sinop and Samsun provinces during the 2019-2020 production period. Flax production costs and profitability were calculated separately for the locations of Elifli village in Bafra district of Samsun province, Taşmanlı village of Sinop province central district and Söküçayırı village of Sinop province Ayancık district, and then compared with the average wheat production cost of Samsun and Sinop provinces. It was determined that variable costs constitute the largest share of the costs in all of the locations examined in the study. Approximately 89% of the total expenses in Söküçayırı village in Ayancık district of Sinop province, 83% in Taşmanlı village in the central district of Sinop province and 81% in Elifli village of Bafra district in Samsun province consist of variable expenses. It was also observed that the enterprises in Sinop province central district Taşmanlı village and Samsun province Bafra district Elifli village could cover all the production costs, while the enterprises in Söküçayırı village of Ayancık district in Sinop province cannot cover even the variable costs of production. As a result of the research, it was determined that fiber flax production, which is partially or entirely mechanized, is more profitable than the wheat grown in the region. After covering all their expenses, the enterprises made a net profit of 715.3 TL da-1 in the Taşmanlı village of central district in Sinop province and 533.2 TL da-1 in the Elifli village of Bafra district in Samsun. It was determined that farmers growing flax fiber by hand made a loss. Therefore, it was suggested that all processes should be done with mechanization for high efficiency, and profitability in fiber flax cultivation, as well as cultural practices should be paid attention. Bu çalışma liflik keten yetiştiriciliğinin Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinde kârlı bir üretim faaliyeti olarak yapılabilirliğini ve kışlık buğdaya alternatif bir ürün olup olamayacağını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın ana materyalini 2019-2020 üretim döneminde Sinop ve Samsun illerinde 3 farklı lokasyonda yapılan deneme alanlarında çiftçi koşullarında yetiştirilen liflik keten üretim verileri oluşturmuştur. Samsun ili Bafra ilçesi Elifli köyü, Sinop ili Merkez ilçe Taşmanlı köyü ve Sinop ili Ayancık ilçesi Söküçayırı köyü lokasyonları için keten üretim maliyetleri ve karlılığı ayrı ayrı hesaplanmış, daha sonra Samsun ve Sinop illeri ortalama buğday üretim maliyeti ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada incelenen lokasyonların tamamında masraflar içerisinde en büyük payı değişken masrafların oluşturduğu saptanmıştır. Sinop ili Ayancık ilçesi Söküçayırı köyünde toplam masrafların yaklaşık %89’u, Sinop ili Merkez ilçe Taşmanlı köyünde %83’ü ve Samsun ili Bafra ilçesi Elifli köyünde %81’i değişken masraflardan oluşmaktadır. Sinop ili Merkez ilçe Taşmanlı köyü ve Samsun ili Bafra ilçesi Elifli köyü lokasyonlarında keten üretim faaliyetinde bulunan işletmeler üretim masraflarının tamamını karşılayabiliyorken, Sinop ili Ayancık ilçesi Söküçayırı köyü lokasyonunda faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin üretimin değişken masraflarını dahi karşılayamadıkları gözlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, kısmen veya tamamen mekanizasyonla yapılan liflik keten üretiminin bölgede yetiştirilen buğdaya göre daha kârlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşletmeler tüm masraflarını karşıladıktan sonra Sinop ili Merkez ilçe Taşmanlı köyünde 715.3 TL da-1, Samsun ili Bafra ilçesi Elifli köyünde 533.2 TL da-1 net kâr elde etmişlerdir. Tamamen el işçiliği ile üretilen keten lifinden ise zarar edildiği saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, liflik keten yetiştiriciliğinde yüksek verim ve kârlılık için tüm işlemlerin mekanizasyonla yapılmasının yanı sıra, bakım ve kültürel işlemlere gerekli özenin gösterilmesi önerilmektedir.

We aimed to investigate the effects of Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea extracts in terms of growth parameters, antibacterial activity and phenolic profile in tomato infected by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (CmmT7). A significant difference was observed in E. purpura extract, indicating the highest effects on plant height (27.25 cm), fresh plant weight (28.45 cm), root length (24.42 cm), and root weight (6.74 g) (p<0.05). Moreover, Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against CmmT7 (p<0.05). Among phenolic compounds, the only chlorogenic acid amounts were varied in the tomato seedlings leaves with C. officinalis extract (K3) + CmmT7, E. purpurea extract (E3) + CmmT7 and CmmT7 (p<0.01). Moreover, chlorogenic acid amount was approximately 9 times higher than in CmmT7-treated leaves when compared to control. The results showed that application of the extracts of these plants had a significant influence on bacterial canker and growth parameters.