Due to the increasing scientific and biomedical interest in various nanoparticles (NPs) showing excellent properties, a convenient and adjustable physical method with improved efficiency needs to be used for enabling tech-scale production of such promising NPs.

The current state-of-the art on NIR-II-activated photosensitizers and their applications for the deep tumor treatment, as well as recent efforts that combine NIR-II activated PDT with other complementary therapeutic routes.

• The main properties of coordinated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) including magnetic moment and saturated magnetisation). • The doping of transition metal ions into ferrite to precisely modulate its magnetic properties. • the potential mechanisms and recent advances in transition metal ion-doped MNPs (TMNPs) for bioimaging: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic particle imaging and tumour therapy: e.g., magneto-mechanical killing, magnetothermal therapy, and drug delivery. • the current challenges and future trends of TMNPs in the biomedical field based on the latest advances by researchers.

Mitochondria, as the “the power plants” of cells, have been extensively studied because of their biological functions of providing energy and participating in signaling pathways. In parallel, calcium (Ca²⁺) plays a vital role in the homeostasis balance and function coordination of mitochondria, especially in cancer cells which metabolize frequently to maintain their growth. On this basis, Ca²⁺ overload has been an efficient, yet safe theranostic model for cancer therapy, by activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathways to achieve cancer suppression. However, the integration of functional units mediating Ca²⁺ overload into the nanoplatform remains a difficult but significant task. This review aims to highlight meaningful designs of nanoplatforms for Ca²⁺ overload, including monotherapy and combination therapy. In addition, perspectives on further development of Ca²⁺ overload are provided, mainly emphasizing scientific restrictions and future exploitation directions.