Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach with diverse biological applications. This study presents synthesis of AgNPs-LS using a probiotic strain Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) and explores their multifaceted biological activities, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The biosynthesis of AgNPs-LS was successfully achieved using L. salivarius cell free supernatants, resulting in well-characterized nanoparticles as confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis. The AgNPs-LS demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against different pathogenic bacteria (C. violaceum, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli and S. marcescens), emphasizing their potential in combating bacterial infections. Moreover, these AgNPs-LS were effective in inhibiting biofilm formation (>60 % at 1/2 MIC), a key mechanism of bacterial virulence, highlighting their utility in preventing biofilm-related infections. AgNPs-LS exhibited anti-quorum sensing activity, disrupting bacterial communication systems and potentially reducing virulence factor such as, violacein production in C. violaceum, pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa and prodigiosin production in S. marcescens. Additionally, AgNPs-LS also exhibited notable antifungal activity towards a different pathogenic fungus (F. proliferatum, P. purpurogenum, A. niger and R. stolonifer). In terms of health applications, the AgNPs-LS displayed significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH^• (IC₅₀ = 42.65 μg/mL) and ABTS^•+ (IC₅₀ = 53.77 μg/mL) free radicals. Furthermore, AgNPs-LS showed cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) (IC₅₀ = 52.29 μg/mL), positioning them as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Moreover, AgNPs-LS were also shown promising anticoagulant and thrombolytic activities under practical conditions. Therefore, the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs-LS using L. salivarius offers a sustainable and cost-effective route for producing AgNPs with an array of biological activities. These AgNPs-LS have the potential to address various challenges in healthcare, ranging from antimicrobial, anticancer applications to biofilm inhibition, antioxidant therapy, anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents.

The proteinaceous compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria are called bacteriocins and have a wide variety of bioactive properties. However, bacteriocin’s commercial availability is limited due to short stability periods and low yields. Therefore, the objective of this study was to synthesize bacteriocin-derived silver nanoparticles (Bac10307-AgNPs) extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), which may have the potential to increase the bioactivity of bacteriocins and overcome the hurdles. It was found that extracted and purified Bac10307 had a broad range of stability for both temperature (20–100 °C) and pH (3–12). Further, based on Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) analysis, its molecular weight was estimated to be 4.2 kDa. The synthesized Bac10307-AgNPs showed a peak of surface plasmon resonance at 430 nm λmax. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed the presence of biological moieties, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) confirmed that AgNPs were spherical and irregularly shaped, with a size range of 9–20 nm. As a result, the Bac10307-AgNPs displayed very strong antibacterial activity with MIC values as low as 8 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), when compared to Bac10307 alone. In addition, Bac10307-AgNPs demonstrated promising in vitro antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀ = 116.04 μg/mL) and in vitro cytotoxicity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2) (IC₅₀ = 135.63 μg/mL), more than Bac10307 alone (IC₅₀ = 139.82 μg/mL against DPPH and 158.20 μg/mL against HepG2). Furthermore, a protein–protein molecular docking simulation study of bacteriocins with target proteins of different biological functions was also carried out in order to ascertain the interactions between bacteriocins and target proteins.

Background: Syzygium aromaticum is a tree whose aromatic dried flower buds are known as cloves. When it comes to phenolic chemicals, such as flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and hydroxyphenyl propane, clove is a major plant source of these substances. Finding out how effective clove buds are as antioxidants was the driving force behind this study’s GC-MS investigation and computational discoveries. Methods: This inquiry into clove pods focused on the chemical composition of clove using the GC-MS technique, as well as its antioxidant qualities and computational modeling. Results: This antioxidant may be more effective in lower doses than ascorbic acid (A.A.), butylate hydroxytoluene (BHT), and β-carotene, with 57.22 ± 0.41 mg QE/g of total phenols and flavonoids and 7.25 ± 0.12 mg GAE/g of clove extract. Phenols destroy free radicals, which boosts antioxidant activity. Flavonoids defend against ROS, which also boosts antioxidant activity. Clove pod GC-MS analysis identified 21 components, of which eugenol accounted for 58.86%. The absence of nitrogen and chlorine molecules emphasizes the composition’s organic nature. Eugenol, the major component of clove oil, is a phenolic molecule that binds strongly to bacterial enzymes such as DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase. Docking experiments have shown that clove chemicals interact with acetylcholinesterase, a crucial enzyme in insect larvae, paralyzing and killing them. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the immense potential of plants in providing novel therapeutic and environmental solutions. We must support further research into nature’s inherent benefits. The extensive knowledge that can be gained from botany can be used to improve health, ecology, and sustainability.

It is widely recognized that prostate cancer is a multifaceted illness that is the second most common cause of cancer-related fatalities among males. Natural sources from both plants and marine organisms have long been used in treating various diseases and in the discovery of new pharmaceutical compounds. Medicinal plants, in particular, provide bioactive substances like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and steroids. In addition, marine natural products play a crucial role in the search for novel cancer treatments. A substantial number of anticancer drugs have been derived from natural sources, including plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms. In fact, over the past 60 years, 80% of new chemical entities have originated from natural sources, which are generally considered safer than synthetic compounds. This review seeks to emphasize the role of phytochemical compounds derived from both plant and marine sources in prostate cancer, highlighting their potential therapeutic impact. It is also intended to support global researchers working on the identification of natural-based treatments for prostate cancer.

In the present study, a magnetic nanocomposite based on biochar (BC) derived from sugarcane bagasse, nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), and chitosan (CS) was fabricated to investigate its efficacy for the removal of two widely used pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), namely aspirin (ASA) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The synthesized nanocomposite (BC-CS@nZVI) was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and FESEM-EDX. The Response Surface Methodology–Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) model was used for the optimization of removal efficacies for both drugs using five variables, i.e., adsorbent dose (0.05–0.1 g), pH (2–10), drug concentration (20–40 ppm), time (40–80 min), and temperature (40–60 °C). Under optimized conditions of adsorbent dose: 0.075 g, pH: 2, drug concentration: 30 ppm, time: 60 min, and temperature: 50 °C, the maximum removal efficiency of ASA drug was observed to be 97.8%, while in the case of CBZ drug under similar conditions with pH 6, the maximum removal was found up to 89.32%. The isotherm models revealed that both ASA and CBZ adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm showing monolayer adsorption. The kinetics of adsorption was well explained by the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models in the case of ASA and CBZ, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed the feasibility of the reaction and its spontaneous and exothermic nature. The reusability and efficiency in water samples of the Ha’il region were investigated to demonstrate its potential for practical application.

An efficient regeneration protocol was applied to regenerate shoots on salt stress-tolerant calli lines of aubergine (Solanum melongena). These NaCl-tolerant cell lines were obtained by two different methods. On the one hand, the developed callus tissue was transferred to a medium with a continuous salt content of 40, 80, 120, or 160 mM NaCl. On the other hand, the callus tissue was subjected to a stepwise increasing salinity to 160 mM NaCl every 30 days. With the second method, calli which could be selected were characterized by compact growth, a greenish color, and absence of necrotic zones. When grown on salt-free medium again, NaCl-tolerant calli showed a decline in relative growth rate and water content in comparison to the control line. This was more obvious in the 120 mM NaCl-tolerant callus. Lipid peroxidase activity increased in 40 and 80 mM NaCl-tolerant calli; yet did not increase further in 120 mM-tolerant callus. An increase in ascorbic acid content was observed in 80 and 120 mM NaCl-tolerant calli compared to the 40 mM NaCl-tolerant lines, in which ascorbic acid content was twice that of the control. All NaCl-tolerant lines showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) (208–305–370 µmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ FW) and catalase (CAT) (136–211–238 µmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ FW) activities compared to control plants (231 and 126 µmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ FW). Plants were regenerated on the calli lines that could tolerate up to 120 mM NaCl. From the 32 plants tested in vitro, ten plants with a higher number of leaves and root length could be selected for further evaluation in the field. Their high salt tolerance was evident by their more elevated fresh and dry weight, their more increased relative water content, and a higher number and weight of fruits compared to the wild-type parental control. The presented work shows that somaclonal variation can be efficiently used to develop salt-tolerant mutants.