The building industry, which emits a significant quantity of greenhouse gases, is under tremendous pressure due to global climate change and its consequences for communities. Given the environmental issues associated with cement production, geopolymer concrete has emerged as a sustainable construction material. Geopolymer concrete is an eco-friendly construction material that uses industrial or agricultural by-product ashes as the principal binder instead of Portland cement. Fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, metakaolin, and palm oil fuel ash were all employed as binders in geopolymer concrete, with fly ash being the most frequent. The most important engineering property for all types of concrete composites, including geopolymer concrete, is the compressive strength. It is influenced by different parameters such as the chemical composition of the binder materials, alkaline liquid to binder ratio, extra water content, superplasticizers dosages, binder content, fine and coarse aggregate content, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate content, the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (molarity), curing temperature, curing durations inside oven, and specimen ages. In order to demonstrate the effects of these varied parameters on the compressive strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, a comprehensive dataset of 800 samples was gathered and analyzed. According to the findings, the curing temperature, sodium silicate content, and alkaline solution to binder ratio are the most significant independent parameters influencing the compressive strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-BGPC) composites.

The increasing amount of waste materials from both industrial and agricultural sources poses an urgent danger to civilizations. Effectively managing these wastes through reuse or recycling is an important step towards reducing environmental harm. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of previous experimental endeavors that used palm oil clinker as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete, to assess its impact on the fresh and mechanical properties of the concrete. To understand the complex relationships between the data, data sets for training and testing are divided, providing the proposal of various models like linear, nonlinear, Gaussian progress, support vector machine, and ensemble boosting tree. The models are carefully evaluated using statistical characteristics such as the coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and scatter index. After a comprehensive analysis, the best-performing and most accurate model is the Gaussian progress model, which has a scatter index of less than 0.1 and a coefficient of determination of 0.97 for testing data. The R² value of Gaussian progress machine is higher by 17.3, 17, 3.4, and 0.7% compare to the R² value of EBT, LR, NLR, and SVM model, the scatter index value of GPM also lower than SI value in EBT, LR, NLR, and SVM model by 158, 141, 51, and 13.7%This highlights how well it performs in comparison to other models and suggests that it could be a useful tool for predicting the effects of replacing coarse aggregate in concrete using palm oil clinker. For additional applications, statistical models can be presented that combine various types of lightweight aggregates to determine which will be more commonly used for individual or mixed applications.

During a national lock down and a curfew, most of the concrete projects are left without curing therefore, the elements of the building needs strengthening. An effective way in strengthening is using post-tension metal straps (PTMS) which is relatively new method. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of using PTMS is tested in strengthening cylinder samples without curing. For this purpose, 15 cylinders are cast and 12 of them are left without curing for 28 days. Three samples are tested without any strengthening and are used as control samples. The rest are strengthened using 1, 2, 3, and full layers of PTMS. To compare the strength of the cylinders, 3 cylinders of the same batch is prepared and cured for 30 days. It is proved that the compressive strength of the cylinders can increase by 39%, 57%, 84% and 125% if the samples are strengthened using 1, 2, 3, and full layers of PTMS. It is, also found that the failure becomes ductile as the number of layers are increased.