Mangifera indica can generate up to 60% of polluting by-products, including peels. However, it has been shown that flavonoids and mangiferin are mainly responsible for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities closely related to the wound-healing process. The chemical composition of MEMI (methanolic extract of M. indica) was analyzed by HPLC-DAD, as well as concentrations of total phenol (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) and antioxidant activity (SA₅₀). Wound-healing efficacy was determined by measurements of wound contraction, histological analysis, and tensiometric method; moreover, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and acute dermal toxicity (OECD 402) were also evaluated. Phenol, resorcinol, conjugated resorcinol, and mangiferin were detected. TPC, TFC, and SA₅₀ were 136 mg GAE/g, 101.66 mg QE/g, and 36.33 µg/mL, respectively. Tensile strength and wound contraction closure did not show significant differences between MEMI and dexpanthenol groups. Histological analysis (after 14 days) shows a similar architecture between MEMI treatment and normal skin. MEMI exhibits a reduction in edema. Staphylococcus epidermidis had an MIC of 2 mg/mL, while Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli reached 4 mg/mL. The MEMI showed no signs of toxicity. Therefore, this study demonstrates multiple targets that flavonoids and mangiferin of MEMI may present during the healing process.

Essential oils are composed of terpenes, some of which have properties related to healing. Bursera schlechtendalii essential oil (BSEO) is used to heal superficial wounds. However, there have been no studies verifying this property. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the healing activity of BSEO in a murine model and to propose the roles of its chemical components in this process. Healing activity was evaluated by an incision model, histological analysis was performed, and tensile strength and antibacterial activity were measured. The chemical composition of BSEO was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the mechanisms of action of each chemical component during the phases of the healing process were proposed. In addition, acute dermal toxicity was evaluated. BSEO showed better wound closure at the macroscopic, histological, and tensile strength levels compared to controls and had an antibacterial effect. The major compound in BSEO was α-phellandrene. However, most of the monoterpenes identified in BSEO were in agreement with information found in the literature, so the possibility of synergy between the chemical components and their different targets in the healing process was schematically proposed. BSEO was shown to be safe in the dermal toxicity evaluation.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar algunas acciones antiviperinas de A. schippii, contra los venenos de A. bilineatus y B. asper y su caracterización fitoquímica. Se realizó una marcha fitoquímica cualitativa y caracterización fitoquímica por UPLC-Ms, se evaluó la toxicidad aguda oral (OECD 423), y se realizó la evaluación antihemolítica en placas de agar sangre y antiproteolítica en caseína, a diferentes proporciones de veneno-extracto p/p; asimismo, se evaluó la actividad antimiotóxica a dosis de 600, 900 y 1,200 mg/kg por cuantificación de la actividad CK-MB e histología. Los resultados evidenciaron cualitativamente alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos, cumarinas, glucósidos cardiotónicos, y se detectaron por UPLC-Ms, ácido aristolóquico y un compuesto bioactivo antioneoplásico, 10-hidroxicamptotecina; no se evidenciaron signos de toxicidad ni letalidad a la dosis de 2,000 mg/kg. La actividad antihemolítica y antiproteolítica disminuyó considerablemente (P<0.05), sin seguir una relación dosis-dependiente de veneno-extracto. La actividad antimiotóxica demostró protección parcial contra B. asper a dosis de 600 mg/kg y contra A. bilineatus a una dosis de 1,200 mg/kg (P<0.05); el estudio histológico evidenció protección parcial, por una mejoría en organización estructural y baja evidencia de mionecrosis, así como presencia de edemas en músculo-esquelético. Se concluye que, en el extracto etanólico se evidenció la presencia de diferentes metabolitos como flavonoides, cumarinas, azúcares reductores, mientras que el UPLC-Ms mostró la presencia de dos componentes bioactivos con posible actividad antiviperina, como fueron ácido aristolóquico y 10-hidroxicamptotecina; asimismo, el extracto mostró protección parcial contra las actividades hemolítica, proteolítica y miotóxica.

This work aimed to evaluate some antiviperin actions of A. schippii against the venoms of A. bilineatus and B. asper and their phytochemical characterization. A qualitative phytochemical march and phytochemical characterization by UPLC-MS, acute oral toxicity (OECD 423), antihemolytic evaluation in blood agar plates, and antiproteolytic evaluation in casein, at different venom:extract w/w ratios, were performed. Additionally, antimyotoxic activity at doses of 600, 900, and 1,200 mg/kg was evaluated by quantification of CK-MB activity and histology. The results qualitatively evidenced alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, and cardiotonic glycosides; furthermore, aristolochic acid and a bioactive antineoplastic compound, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, were detected by UPLC-MS. No signs of toxicity or lethality were evidenced at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg. The antihemolytic and antiproteolytic activity decreased significantly (P < 0.05), without following a dose-dependent venom-extract relationship. The antimyotoxic activity showed partial protection against B. asper at a dose of 600 mg/kg and against A. bilineatus at a dose of 1,200 mg/kg (P < 0.05). The histological study showed partial protection due to an improvement in structural organization and low evidence of myonecrosis, as well as the presence of edema in the musculoskeletal system. It is concluded that the ethanolic extract showed the presence of different metabolites such as flavonoids, coumarins, and reducing sugars, while UPLC-MS revealed two bioactive components with possible antiviperin activity: aristolochic acid and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. The extract showed partial protection against hemolytic, proteolytic, and myotoxic activities.