In this work, the propagation of the surface ionization wave (SIW) in the nanosecond pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge with different dielectric materials and pulse repetition rates is investigated. The current waveforms at different locations along the route of the SIW propagation are obtained, based on a specially designed ground strip array geometry. The temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the electric field during the SIW propagation are measured by using the electric field induced second harmonic generation method. The distribution of the residual surface potential after the discharge is mapped with a Kelvin electrostatic probe, which verifies both the existence of the residual electric field and its opposite direction to that during the SIW propagation. It is found that with the dielectric material on which the surface charges decay faster, there are the well-pronounced primary and secondary SIWs with a higher velocity on the voltage rising edge and both the peak current and the peak electric field are also higher, with a less spatial attenuation along the SIW propagation route. It is demonstrated that the residual surface charges with the same polarity as the high-voltage pulse suppress the development of the SIW.

Pulsed plasma actuators are used for an active flow control application since the 2000s. In this paper, we discuss shock wave and vortex characteristics in pulsed plasma actuators after an introduction of research progress on atmospheric-pressure discharge plasma actuators. First, the shock wave characteristics in surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) actuator operating in diffuse-like and multi-streamer modes are discussed. In the most general case, a shock wave in a diffuse-like SDBD actuator is stronger and faster than in a multi-streamer SDBD actuator. Improved plasma actuators, such as the three-electrode SDBD actuator and the plasma synthetic jet actuator have the enhanced shock wave characteristics. Second, in order to investigate the effects of pulse parameters on the shock wave characteristics in nanosecond-pulse SDBD actuator, a particle image velocimetry system is used to capture the formation of starting vortexes at different pulse rise times, pulse durations, and pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). It is shown that the velocity of a starting vortex significantly increases when the pulse rise time decreases from 400 ns to 50 ns due to a more significant hydrodynamic effect generated during a shorter rise time. This phenomenon is confirmed by calculating a reduced electric field E/N at a short rise time, which turns out to be higher at a shorter rise time than that at a relatively longer rise time. It is also shown that the velocity of a starting vortex increases and its active area enlarges when the PRF increases.

Typical ionization waves (IWs) are observed during the propagation of nanosecond pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) with argon flow, combining both the measurement of the axial electric field ( E _z ) and the temporal resolved optical imaging. The movement of the luminous APPJ head is recognized as the development of the IW front, accompanied with the propagation of the peak electric field. Especially, the radial distribution of E _z transits from a central peak profile before the IW front arrives to a hollow profile after the pass of the IW front. As for the temporal E _z trend, there is a mode transition from the single‐peak feature under a low peak voltage to the double‐peak feature under a higher peak voltage, indicating the existence of both primary and secondary IWs. The effect of target conditions on the IWs in APPJs is also explored. With a metal target, no residual electric field is observed before imposing the high‐voltage pulses. However, with a dielectric target, the residual surface charges generate a background electric field in the opposite direction to that during IW propagation. In the free APPJ (with no target), on the voltage falling edge, a negative electric field drives the electron flow to compensate the positive ions left over during the forward IW propagation on the voltage rising edge.

The effect of the pulse repetition rate (PRR) on the generation of high energy electrons in a fast ionization wave (FIW) discharge is investigated by both experiment and modelling. The FIW discharge is driven by nanosecond high voltage pulses and is generated in helium with a pressure of 30 mbar. The axial electric field ( E _z ), as the driven force of high energy electron generation, is strongly influenced by PRR. Both the measurement and the model show that, during the breakdown, the peak value of E _z decreases with the PRR, while after the breakdown, the value of E _z increases with the PRR. The electron energy distribution function ( EEDF ) is calculated with a model similar to Boeuf and Pitchford (1995 Phys. Rev . E 51 1376). It is found that, with a low value of PRR, the EEDF during the breakdown is strongly non-Maxwellian with an elevated high energy tail, while the EEDF after the breakdown is also non-Maxwellian but with a much depleted population of high energy electrons. However, with a high value of PRR, the EEDF is Maxwellian-like without much temporal variation both during and after the breakdown. With the calculated EEDF , the temporal evolution of the population of helium excited species given by the model is in good agreement with the measured optical emission, which also depends critically on the shape of the EEDF .