To identify effective light spectra for increasing the productivity of Panax ginseng, we conducted experiments in a controlled environment using a hydroponic cultivation system in a plant factory. We investigated the effect of single LEDs (red, blue, and yellow) and mixed LEDs (red + blue and red + blue + white). The relationships between four light spectra (red, blue, yellow, and white) and physiological responses (net photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO₂ partial pressure), as well as growth responses (shoot and root biomass), were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. Among the four physiological response variables, shoot biomass was not increased by any pathway, and root biomass was increased only by the intercellular CO₂ partial pressure. Red and yellow light increased shoot biomass, whereas white light promoted an increase in the net photosynthetic rate and enhanced root biomass. In contrast, blue light was less effective than the other light spectra in increasing both shoot and root biomass. Therefore, red and yellow light are the most effective light spectra for increasing shoot biomass and white light is effective for increasing root biomass in a plant factory that uses artificial LED lighting. Furthermore, the intercellular CO₂ partial pressure is an important physiological variable for increasing the root biomass of P. ginseng.

To reveal the changes in the life history characteristics of grassland plants due to vegetation restoration, plant species and communities were analyzed for their competitor, stress tolerator, and ruderal (CSR) ecological strategies after the introduction of woody plants in the damaged steppe grassland and were compared with those in reference sites in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia. As a result, it was found that the introduction of the woody plants (Corethrodeneron fruticosum, Caragana microphylla, Populus canadensis, and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) into the damaged land greatly increased the plant species diversity and CSR eco-functional diversity as the succession progressed. The plant strategies of the temperate typical steppe (TTS) and woodland steppe (WS) in this Asian steppe are CSR and S/SR, respectively, which means that the plants are adapted to disturbances or stress. As the restoration time elapsed in the damaged lands exhibiting (R/CR) (Corispermum hyssopifolium), the ecological strategies were predicted to change in two ways: (1) →R/CSR (Cynanchum thesioides, Astragalus laxmannii, etc.) → CSR in places (TSS) (Galium verum var. asiaticum, Saussurea japonica, etc.) where only shrubs were introduced, and (2) → S/SR (Allium mongolicum, Ulmus pumila, etc.) → S/SR in sites (WS) (Ulmus pumila, Thalictrum squarrosum, etc.) where trees and shrubs were planted simultaneously. The results mean that the driving force that causes succession in the restoration of temperate grasslands is determined by the life-form (trees/shrubs) of the introduced woody plants. This means that for the restoration of these grasslands to be successful, it is necessary to introduce woody tree species at an early stage.

Temperate forest ecosystems in Korea are currently undergoing a successional transition from Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. (evergreen conifer) communities to Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. (deciduous broadleaf) communities. This study aimed to assess interspecific differences in ecological responses to climate change [Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5] by evaluating changes in ecological niche characteristics and species distribution. Controlled-environment experiments, principal component analysis (PCA), and MaxEnt species distribution modeling were employed to quantify and predict ecological shifts in the two dominant species under climate change scenarios. Both species exhibited increases in niche breadth and interspecific overlap under climate change conditions. However, Q. mongolica showed a more pronounced increase in niche breadth compared to P. densiflora, indicating greater ecological flexibility and adaptive potential to warming conditions. According to the MaxEnt model projections, climate change is expected to result in an approximate 30% reduction in suitable habitat for P. densiflora in lowland areas. In contrast, Q. mongolica is projected to expand its suitable habitat by over 80%, notably in both low-elevation (below 800 m) and high-elevation (above 1400 m) zones, without being restricted to any specific altitudinal range. Our findings suggest that climate change may increase ecological similarity between P. densiflora and Q. mongolica, thereby raising the potential for interspecific competition. This convergence in niche traits could contribute to an accelerated successional transition, although actual competitive interactions in natural ecosystems require further empirical validation. Consequently, Korean forests are likely to transform into predominantly deciduous forest ecosystems under future climate conditions.

Jae-Hoon Park , Jung-Min Lee , Eui-Joo Kim and Young-Han You*. J Ecol Environ 2022;46:. https://doi.org/10.5141/jee.22.021