Inclusive educational practices demand social justice where all students with special educational needs have the same right to access education, irrespective of their special needs. Increasingly, across the world, teachers are supporting and defending the inclusion of students with disabilities in mainstream schools and classrooms. This is also the case in Pakistan, the site of this study. However, support and defense are not assurance that such policy is accepted by classroom teachers. Previous research studies have identified some barriers to inclusion and in this regard, the attitudes of teachers have been identified as a barrier worthy of consideration. The present research can contribute to developing insights by suggesting all the factors that can accommodate students with mild learning disabilities (MLDs). The research study aimed to determine the attitudes of teachers towards the education of students with mild learning disabilities, which are due to hereditary and neurobiological reasons that alter the functioning of the brain by affecting one or more intellectual processes associated with learning. The problems of processing can interfere with basic skills of learning, such as reading, writing, and mathematical skills. They can also interfere with higher-order skills, such as organizational skills, abstract reasoning skills, thinking skills, long or short-term memory, and attention span, in an inclusive classroom setting. Using a quantitative research method, data were gathered from N = 230 sample cases of teachers selected through a stratified sampling technique from 10 private primary inclusive schools and 10 private primary non-inclusive schools in Karachi. To identify the attitudes of teachers towards the inclusion of students with MLDs, teachers were asked to respond to validated and reliable tools used in different studies. The research applied variance-based structural equation modeling using the partial least-squares modeling method. Smart PLS 3.0 is software used for variance-based structural equation modeling, and the purpose of using it that the model involves mediation. This tool can show direct and indirect associations among variables simultaneously. The results revealed that there is a weak linear relationship between teachers’ attitudes towards the education of students with a mild learning disability and their practices towards inclusive classroom settings. On the contrary, teachers’ positive attitudes towards mild learning disabilities are predictors of inclusive classroom settings in schools. The weak linear association between teachers’ attitudes and the provision of inclusive classroom settings showed that teachers are not prepared to accommodate mild learning disabilities. However, if teachers’ self-efficacy is increased, then teachers are prepared to accommodate mild learning disabilities. It indicates that teachers with a greater sense of self-efficacy can play a significant role in creating an inclusive environment in schools by employing the provision of relevant resources. The present study recommended certain support mechanisms to school management and provided guiding principles to them on the specific resources required to meet the needs of students with a mild learning disability and to increase the self-efficacy of teachers.

Several countries around the world, including Pakistan, are determined to achieve successful inclusion but are facing some major and minor challenges. For example, the dearth of physical and human resources and a lack of understanding, expertise, and attitudes. The present research was carried out to find out the role that teachers’ attitudes play in educating children suffering from behavioral disorders. Using the quantitative research design data were gathered from 230 randomly selected sample cases of teachers working in 10 traditional (non-inclusive) and 10 inclusive schools in Karachi, Pakistan. The teachers were asked to respond to items on the semantic differential scale and five-point Likert scale, respectively, to gauge their attitudes toward inclusive education. The analyses were carried out through Smart Partial Least Squares (Smart PLS) 3.0. The results from the Structural Equation Modeling analysis revealed that teachers have positive attitudes toward the education of children with behavioral disorders. Directly significant positive correlations indicated that teachers are prepared to cater students with mild behavioral disorders in their classrooms. The current study suggested the development of a support mechanism by the school administration and also the provision of guiding principles for increasing teachers’ self-efficacy to increase the chances of inclusion of students with behavioral disorders.

Purpose: This research aims to understand how satisfied students were with their online learning experience and how actively engaged they were in their studies.Design/methodology/approach: To study the breadth and depth of students' experiences and fully address the research aims, the researchers utilized a mixed method. Through a survey questionnaire with both closed-ended and open-ended questions, student responses were gathered. On a five-point Likert scale, the closed-ended questions were co-constructed. The research participants included students attending Pakistan's private university in Karachi. Participants from all programs were the authors' focus (i.e. undergraduate and graduate). A total of 552 students completed the survey questionnaire.Findings: The study reveals students' level of satisfaction with their online encounters. Contextual restrictions, such as power outages, bad internet, a lack of a private place and administrative problems, make it difficult to access and connect during learning sessions. Additionally, the student's perception of online learning as being more secure and safe in terms of their physical safety was an intriguing finding. They also see the integration of online and in-person learning as advantageous because it might reduce travel expenses and time while also giving them access to independent study resources. Given its many benefits, this research supports the use of online learning in higher education. Online education promotes a healthy mix of teacher- and student-centered instruction.Research limitations/implications: Moreover, the findings indicate that effective non-verbal communication occurs when students interact with a teacher and colleague face-to-face. In a face-to-face teaching situation, good body language may inspire, engage and motivate students. Better learning outcomes result from being able to interpret people's body language, whether it be eye contact or posture, and alter the topic and approach. Keeping in view the recent nature of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no research has been carried out on this topic to date or on such a wide-scale transition to online learning, specifically in the context of higher education in Pakistan (Dincer, 2018). This research is unique in its kind as it focuses on the impact of online learning on the affective domain as well.Practical implications: Given the contextual concerns, teachers must find alternative educational insights that will enable students to reduce listening demands, improve self-learning and promote engagement.Social implications: Therefore, in the authors' context, it is a unique finding that students felt socially isolated. While numerous studies have examined anxiety, still there is still a dearth of literature regarding stress factors (Dincer, 2018). The current study provided substantial information on the impact of online learning on students' stress levels, and the consequence is that they were strained out because they felt socially isolated. Additionally, these findings are in alignment with the qualitative data showing a problem of student isolation and a lack of engagement. Since the face-to-face mode had provided them with the time and space, they were able to engage in educational socialization outside the boundaries of the classroom, such as casual conversations during breaks, gatherings at coffee shops and working on group projects at the library.Originality/value: This research was conducted in the context of Pakistan.

Over the last quarter of a century, there has been a growing global interest in inclusive education, and the promotion of equality and acceptance for children with special educational needs. While some studies have explored sustainable practices for inclusion in international research, there is a notable lack of studies conducted in Pakistan that aim to identify best practices to not only promote inclusion, but also to sustain it over time. The current study uses a qualitative case study approach to explore one sustainable inclusive education setting in depth and identify the factors that contribute to its longevity. The thematic analysis revealed significant themes that reflect the practices that have enabled the institution to thrive for more than 25 years. These include the implementation of welcoming policies and supportive attitudes among all stakeholders, the provision of essential resources, the creation of adapted learning environments, the promotion of parental and peer support, the continuous professional development of staff, advocacy for acceptance and equality, and outstanding leadership in promoting inclusive support. The authors acknowledge the limitations of a single case study; however, this study represents the first attempt to provide guidance to institutions adopting inclusive education models in Pakistan.