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Different segments of society have shown interest in understanding the effects of human activities on ecosystems. To this end, the aim of this article is to analyze the scientific literature on the application of the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) conceptual model to identify the parameters used to describe the causal interactions that occur between agriculture and aquatic ecosystems at the watershed scale. In this way, descriptive indicators were established for the data of 63 publications collected through Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The results confirm the great heterogeneity in the interpretation of the pressure, state, and impacts components. Part of this discrepancy can be attributed to the use of different indicators, as the model is flexible and generic. Overall, the DPSIR is a tool used not only in the scientific field, but also has demonstrated its potential to guide public policy formulation, planning, and decision-making in water resource management.
Alexandre Troian; Mário Conill Gomes; Tales Tiecher; Julio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín. The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response Model to Structure Cause−Effect Relationships between Agriculture and Aquatic Ecosystems. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9365 .
AMA StyleAlexandre Troian, Mário Conill Gomes, Tales Tiecher, Julio Berbel, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín. The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response Model to Structure Cause−Effect Relationships between Agriculture and Aquatic Ecosystems. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandre Troian; Mário Conill Gomes; Tales Tiecher; Julio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín. 2021. "The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response Model to Structure Cause−Effect Relationships between Agriculture and Aquatic Ecosystems." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9365.
Farmers in the developed world tend to over-apply fertilizer, and we explore a model for decision-making under uncertainty in yields. This article proposes an agro-economic model for farmer decision-making based on subjective expected yield and crop response to fertilization. The model explores subjective yield probability distributions that are both better suited to subjective crop yields than the previously proposed probability distribution and is easier to extract from farmers. The model allows the analysis of the impact of changes in fertilizer price and variance of expected yields. The model result is consistent with observed farmer behavior based on the rule of “fertilizing for the good years” that appears, according to our model, as rational and consistent with expected profit maximization under yield uncertainty since the cost of over-application is lower than that of the opportunity cost of under-application. The goal of increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use requires both technical innovation and an expansion of the knowledge on the socioeconomic factors underlying excessive crop fertilization that must be improved both to meet future food demands and to prevent environmental degradation and climate change.
Julio Berbel; Javier Martínez-Dalmau. A Simple Agro-Economic Model for Optimal Farm Nitrogen Application under Yield Uncertainty. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1107 .
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Javier Martínez-Dalmau. A Simple Agro-Economic Model for Optimal Farm Nitrogen Application under Yield Uncertainty. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (6):1107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Javier Martínez-Dalmau. 2021. "A Simple Agro-Economic Model for Optimal Farm Nitrogen Application under Yield Uncertainty." Agronomy 11, no. 6: 1107.
Nitrogen (N) is a key input to food production. Nearly half of N fertilizer input is not used by crops and is lost into the environment via emission of gases or by polluting water bodies. It is essential to achieve production levels, which enable global food security, without compromising environmental security. The N pollution level expected by 2050 is projected to be 150% higher than in 2010, with the agricultural sector accounting for 60% of this increase. In this paper, we review the status of the pollution from N fertilizers worldwide and make recommendations to address the situation. The analysis reviews the relationship between N fertilizer use, N use efficiency, no-point pollution, the role of farmer management practices, and policy approaches to address diffuse pollution caused by N fertilization. Several studies show a lack of information as one of the main hurdles to achieve changes in habits. The objective of this study is to highlight the gravity of the current global non-point pollution as well as the need for a communication effort to make farmers aware of the relationship between their activity and N pollution and, therefore, the importance of their fertilizer management practices.
Javier Martínez-Dalmau; Julio Berbel; Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández. Nitrogen Fertilization. A Review of the Risks Associated with the Inefficiency of Its Use and Policy Responses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5625 .
AMA StyleJavier Martínez-Dalmau, Julio Berbel, Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández. Nitrogen Fertilization. A Review of the Risks Associated with the Inefficiency of Its Use and Policy Responses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Martínez-Dalmau; Julio Berbel; Rafaela Ordóñez-Fernández. 2021. "Nitrogen Fertilization. A Review of the Risks Associated with the Inefficiency of Its Use and Policy Responses." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5625.
Integrated water resources management seeks an efficient blend of all water resources
Julio Berbel; Nazaret M. Montilla-López; Giacomo Giannoccaro. Institutions and Economics of Water Scarcity and Droughts. Water 2020, 12, 3248 .
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Nazaret M. Montilla-López, Giacomo Giannoccaro. Institutions and Economics of Water Scarcity and Droughts. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Nazaret M. Montilla-López; Giacomo Giannoccaro. 2020. "Institutions and Economics of Water Scarcity and Droughts." Water 12, no. 11: 3248.
This paper presents an analysis of the perception regarding reclaimed wastewater reuse in agriculture conducted in the European Union regions. The analysis is based upon a SWOT framework and applies a cluster analysis to reduce the dimension of the responses enabling an assessment of the different perceptions of water reuse. More than one hundred key actors identified among the regions participated in the evaluation of the relevance of aspects identified. The results indicate some groups of countries according to natural conditions (water scarcity) and the strategic role of agriculture as a key factor to determine agent’s perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that the forthcoming EU regulation of water reuse should focus in the problems of the perceived high cost of reclaimed water for farmers and the sanitary risk perception for irrigated crops by consumers as the critical points for fostering the use of reclaimed water in agriculture and the need for regional implementation of the global regulatory framework.
Enrique Mesa-Pérez; Julio Berbel. Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe. Water 2020, 12, 2308 .
AMA StyleEnrique Mesa-Pérez, Julio Berbel. Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe. Water. 2020; 12 (8):2308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Mesa-Pérez; Julio Berbel. 2020. "Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe." Water 12, no. 8: 2308.
This study describes an economic model in the Guadalquivir river basin (Southern Spain) that considers inter-sectoral and hydrological effects of changes in water use as a response to various water-pricing policy scenarios. The main economic variables include water use, gross regional product, return flows in the river basin, and employment at sectoral and basin levels. The response of the different sectors to water pricing and of the sectoral productivity is derived from official data. The background of the model is based on previous research for the implementation of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounts and on the application of this framework to the Guadalquivir basin. Results based on the elicited curves illustrate that the structure of the demand function for irrigated agriculture passes from inelastic to elastic sections, while the function corresponding to the remaining economic sectors shows a continuous decreasing function with minor change in the elasticity structure of the curve. Results show that the impact of extreme measures of water pricing reduces water abstraction by up to 42% vs. the baseline scenario, with an economic reduction in regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 1%.
Borrego-Marín María M.; Expósito A.; Berbel J.. A Simplified Hydro-Economic Model of Guadalquivir River Basin for Analysis of Water-Pricing Scenarios. Water 2020, 12, 1879 .
AMA StyleBorrego-Marín María M., Expósito A., Berbel J.. A Simplified Hydro-Economic Model of Guadalquivir River Basin for Analysis of Water-Pricing Scenarios. Water. 2020; 12 (7):1879.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorrego-Marín María M.; Expósito A.; Berbel J.. 2020. "A Simplified Hydro-Economic Model of Guadalquivir River Basin for Analysis of Water-Pricing Scenarios." Water 12, no. 7: 1879.
This paper offers an exploratory microeconomic analysis of water use in the cultivation of almonds when water is considered a limiting production factor. When a crop is subjected to water limitation, the microeconomic principles behind irrigation decisions are based upon the water-yield relationship. The analysis is applied to an estimated water-yield response function for irrigated almond trees in southern Spain; our research focuses on determining the optimal irrigation dose when deficit irrigation is applied, as it is usual in water-scarce contexts. The situation in Spain is compared to that of other countries where water rights are less constrained. The economic analysis of the water production function is crucial, since it determines farmers’ income and helps them make appropriate management decisions, such as simultaneous decisions regarding the allocation of limited water to crops and the size of the irrigated area for almond production. Furthermore, public institutions need this basic information for the allocation of water in times of increasing water demand and of limited and decreasing resources.
Alfonso Expósito; Julio Berbel. The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain. Agronomy 2020, 10, 796 .
AMA StyleAlfonso Expósito, Julio Berbel. The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):796.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfonso Expósito; Julio Berbel. 2020. "The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 796.
Hydro-economic models (HEMs) constitute useful instruments to assess water-resource management and inform water policy. In the last decade, HEMs have achieved significant advances regarding the assessment of the impacts of water-policy instruments at a river basin or catchment level in the context of climate change (CC). This paper offers an overview of the alternative approaches used in river-basin hydro-economic modelling to address water-resource management issues and CC during the past decade. Additionally, it analyses how uncertainty and risk factors of global CC have been treated in recent HEMs, offering a discussion on these last advances. As the main conclusion, current challenges in the realm of hydro-economic modelling include the representation of the food-energy-water nexus, the successful representation of micro-macro linkages and feedback loops between the socio-economic model components and the physical side, and the treatment of CC uncertainties and risks in the analysis.
Alfonso Expósito; Felicitas Beier; Julio Berbel. Hydro-Economic Modelling for Water-Policy Assessment Under Climate Change at a River Basin Scale: A Review. Water 2020, 12, 1559 .
AMA StyleAlfonso Expósito, Felicitas Beier, Julio Berbel. Hydro-Economic Modelling for Water-Policy Assessment Under Climate Change at a River Basin Scale: A Review. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfonso Expósito; Felicitas Beier; Julio Berbel. 2020. "Hydro-Economic Modelling for Water-Policy Assessment Under Climate Change at a River Basin Scale: A Review." Water 12, no. 6: 1559.
Droughts are natural hazards characterized by a prolonged period of below-average precipitation. Water scarcity is defined as insufficient water resources to meet demands in a region. This paper examines three regions (Spain, California, and the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia) which share similar social and climatic characteristics and face severe water-scarcity problems. The frequency and persistence of droughts in these regions over the last few decades have triggered changes in water laws as well as in the behaviour of water users and managers. This paper compares the major water reforms in these regions and the achievements and failures of the various approaches implemented. This comparison shows how, despite the differences in institutions and governance regarding water allocation in the three regions, recent droughts have catalysed the creation of institutions and the implementation of sophisticated long-term measures to mitigate the impact of future droughts. A deeper understanding of the effectiveness of mechanisms and regulations is necessary to better manage droughts since the uncertain impacts of climate change will require responses of a more effective nature.
Julio Berbel; Encarna Esteban. Droughts as a catalyst for water policy change. Analysis of Spain, Australia (MDB), and California. Global Environmental Change 2019, 58, 101969 .
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Encarna Esteban. Droughts as a catalyst for water policy change. Analysis of Spain, Australia (MDB), and California. Global Environmental Change. 2019; 58 ():101969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Encarna Esteban. 2019. "Droughts as a catalyst for water policy change. Analysis of Spain, Australia (MDB), and California." Global Environmental Change 58, no. : 101969.
Regions and basins suffering from water scarcity have promoted the modernization of irrigation systems, defined as irrigation efficiency enhancement as a measure for the adaptation to a growing demand and a limited supply of water resources. In the period 2002–2015, Spain carried out an intense irrigation modernization process with the aim of achieving significant water savings and higher flexibility and to guarantee supply, among other favourable outcomes (e.g. environmental and socio-economic). Nevertheless, certain unfavourable effects of irrigation modernization also need to be discussed. This study analyses these effects in Spain based upon a DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Responses) framework and a wide-ranging review of the existing empirical literature. Our findings are highly relevant to inform decision-makers in the planning of future irrigation modernization programmes worldwide.
Julio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Luciano Mateos. Effects of the Irrigation Modernization in Spain 2002–2015. Water Resources Management 2019, 33, 1835 -1849.
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Alfonso Expósito, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, Luciano Mateos. Effects of the Irrigation Modernization in Spain 2002–2015. Water Resources Management. 2019; 33 (5):1835-1849.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Luciano Mateos. 2019. "Effects of the Irrigation Modernization in Spain 2002–2015." Water Resources Management 33, no. 5: 1835-1849.
This paper proposes a methodology for the analysis of the evolution of irrigation water productivity that enables the decomposition of its driving factors. The method is applied to the Guadalquivir river basin (southern Spain) in the period 1989-2012 where water policy has aimed to achieve greater irrigation efficiency (IE), defined as the ratio of water beneficially used divided by the total water applied, through the implementation of water conservation and saving technologies (WCSTs). The case study illustrates the basin closure process observed in recent decades and analyses its practical implications for irrigation water productivity and the role played by alternative responses, such as intensification and technical change. The analysis of these drivers of irrigation water productivity may help in the design of water policy in water-scarce areas elsewhere.
Alfonso Expósito; Julio Berbel. Drivers of Irrigation Water Productivity and Basin Closure Process: Analysis of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain). Water Resources Management 2019, 33, 1439 -1450.
AMA StyleAlfonso Expósito, Julio Berbel. Drivers of Irrigation Water Productivity and Basin Closure Process: Analysis of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain). Water Resources Management. 2019; 33 (4):1439-1450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfonso Expósito; Julio Berbel. 2019. "Drivers of Irrigation Water Productivity and Basin Closure Process: Analysis of the Guadalquivir River Basin (Spain)." Water Resources Management 33, no. 4: 1439-1450.
This chapter presents the valuation of Guadalquivir River Basin water resources using System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA-Water). Additionally, it attempts to integrate SEEA-Water with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) reporting process and proposes a methodology to harmonize both Article 5 (economic analysis of water use and scenarios development) and Article 9 (application of the cost-recovery principle) report of WFD. Besides, this chapter revises international experience in the theoretical and practical use of SEEA-Water to support water management and policy. Finally, it illustrates some of the strength and weakness of the accounts in the present form and suggests some improvement for future applications.
María M. Borrego-Marín; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Julio Berbel. Valuation of Guadalquivir River Basin Water Resources (Southern Spain) Using SEEA-Water. Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues 2018, 97 -114.
AMA StyleMaría M. Borrego-Marín, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, Julio Berbel. Valuation of Guadalquivir River Basin Water Resources (Southern Spain) Using SEEA-Water. Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues. 2018; ():97-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría M. Borrego-Marín; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Julio Berbel. 2018. "Valuation of Guadalquivir River Basin Water Resources (Southern Spain) Using SEEA-Water." Wastewater treatment and Reuse – Present and future perspectives in technological developments and management issues , no. : 97-114.
This article evaluates economic use values of groundwater and examines the trade-offs between agricultural and recreational uses of the Fuencaliente Aquifer in southern Spain. This case study is an example of the relevance of the non-market values of groundwater resources in achieving more sustainable management of groundwater resources, an issue on which there is still scarce evidence in the literature. The revealed preference of stakeholders associated with the current resource allocation (as defined by the agreed aquifer management plan) can be explained by the consideration of option values and economic non-use values (cultural and historical).
Julio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito; María M. Borrego-Marín. Conciliation of competing uses and stakeholder rights to groundwater: an evaluation of Fuencaliente Aquifer (Spain). International Journal of Water Resources Development 2018, 35, 830 -846.
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Alfonso Expósito, María M. Borrego-Marín. Conciliation of competing uses and stakeholder rights to groundwater: an evaluation of Fuencaliente Aquifer (Spain). International Journal of Water Resources Development. 2018; 35 (5):830-846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito; María M. Borrego-Marín. 2018. "Conciliation of competing uses and stakeholder rights to groundwater: an evaluation of Fuencaliente Aquifer (Spain)." International Journal of Water Resources Development 35, no. 5: 830-846.
Emilio De Meo; Giacomo Giannoccaro; Julio Berbel; Raffaele Campo. Food waste: A survey about consumers and their attitudes. RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA' 2018, 181 -194.
AMA StyleEmilio De Meo, Giacomo Giannoccaro, Julio Berbel, Raffaele Campo. Food waste: A survey about consumers and their attitudes. RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA'. 2018; (1):181-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio De Meo; Giacomo Giannoccaro; Julio Berbel; Raffaele Campo. 2018. "Food waste: A survey about consumers and their attitudes." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA' , no. 1: 181-194.
This chapter provides a methodology to analyse the allocation of reused water. The tool has been developed for the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority, allowing decision makers to rank the actions on the reutilization of urban water for agriculture. The decision support is based on four groups of attributes: (1) resource supply, (2) environmental impact, (3) technical and economic feasibility and (4) social and institutional impact. A multicriteria decision method is proposed to aggregate all selected indicators. The results allow the River Basin Authority to classify different water requests of reused water, according not only to their technical knowledge, but also to the experience of different experts and stakeholders in water management.
María M. Borrego-Marín; Laura Riesgo; Julio Berbel. Methodology and Criteria for the Allocation of Reused Water in Agriculture. Multiple Criteria Decision Making 2018, 185 -198.
AMA StyleMaría M. Borrego-Marín, Laura Riesgo, Julio Berbel. Methodology and Criteria for the Allocation of Reused Water in Agriculture. Multiple Criteria Decision Making. 2018; ():185-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría M. Borrego-Marín; Laura Riesgo; Julio Berbel. 2018. "Methodology and Criteria for the Allocation of Reused Water in Agriculture." Multiple Criteria Decision Making , no. : 185-198.
Increasing irrigation efficiency has been suggested as a solution in water scarce areas but its potential rebound effect (increased ex-post water consumption) is receiving growing attention; paradoxically, although improved irrigation efficiency may reduce water use, it may also increase water consumption. This paper undertakes an analytical review of the microeconomic foundations of the effects of water-saving investments and the resulting irrigation efficiency on water use and consumption. Moreover, it analyses the relationship between irrigation efficiency, water demand and water pricing. Findings show that improving efficiency would significantly reduce water use, though the impact on water consumption would be negligible even if there is a radical increase in water cost. Thus, the potential rebound effect would not be related to irrigation efficiency, but rather to other factors such as irrigated area expansion, crop-mix changes, and market forces.
Julio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Alfonso Expósito. Impacts of irrigation efficiency improvement on water use, water consumption and response to water price at field level. Agricultural Water Management 2018, 203, 423 -429.
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, Alfonso Expósito. Impacts of irrigation efficiency improvement on water use, water consumption and response to water price at field level. Agricultural Water Management. 2018; 203 ():423-429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Alfonso Expósito. 2018. "Impacts of irrigation efficiency improvement on water use, water consumption and response to water price at field level." Agricultural Water Management 203, no. : 423-429.
By-products and waste from olive production (agriculture) and the olive oil industry (mills and refineries) are an important environmental issue in Mediterranean areas. Industrial waste and by-products contain highly valuable components that can also be phytotoxic. This article reviews recent research on the valorisation of olive by-products under the bioeconomy strategy. The alternatives are classified according to the ‘bioeconomy value pyramid’, which prioritises higher value uses over the current energy and compost valorisation. Special attention is paid to the use of these by-products for animal feed that can be improved by reducing the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and increase the polyunsaturated fatty acids amount considered beneficial in response to their use; this makes the food healthier for humans while simultaneously reducing feeding costs and the environmental impact of livestock.
Julio Berbel; Alejandro Posadillo. Review and Analysis of Alternatives for the Valorisation of Agro-Industrial Olive Oil By-Products. Sustainability 2018, 10, 237 .
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Alejandro Posadillo. Review and Analysis of Alternatives for the Valorisation of Agro-Industrial Olive Oil By-Products. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Alejandro Posadillo. 2018. "Review and Analysis of Alternatives for the Valorisation of Agro-Industrial Olive Oil By-Products." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 237.
Groundwater governance has acquired relevant economic, social and political importance in the last decades, especially for developing countries where groundwater abstractions have become critical to sustain its growth. Nowadays there are few examples of effective groundwater governance. Despite the fact that most water policies target sustainability in the use of groundwater, a majority of aquifers are still overdraft as it is the case in the Mediterranean region and elsewhere. Good governance of groundwater resources should be capable to offer effective responses to achieve stated goals as well as to solve conflicts and avoid the “tragedy of the commons”. This paper discusses effective governance of groundwater including the description of the recent evolution in the governance of two specific neighboring aquifers located in the North of Granada province (Andalusia, southeastern Spain). Both aquifers are representative of a semi-arid geographical context with Mediterranean climatic conditions and an intense irrigated agricultural development occurred in last decades based on groundwater abstractions. The aquifers are contiguous and share similar socioeconomic and natural characteristics, although both aquifers have developed different governance models and thus have achieved different sustainability results, what makes this case study of special interest.
J. Berbel; A. Expósito; L. Mateos. The Importance of the Groundwater Governance in the Global Change Context: A Proposal for a Mediterranean Aquifer (Llanos de la Puebla, Spain). Geobiotechnological Solutions to Anthropogenic Disturbances 2017, 35 -42.
AMA StyleJ. Berbel, A. Expósito, L. Mateos. The Importance of the Groundwater Governance in the Global Change Context: A Proposal for a Mediterranean Aquifer (Llanos de la Puebla, Spain). Geobiotechnological Solutions to Anthropogenic Disturbances. 2017; ():35-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Berbel; A. Expósito; L. Mateos. 2017. "The Importance of the Groundwater Governance in the Global Change Context: A Proposal for a Mediterranean Aquifer (Llanos de la Puebla, Spain)." Geobiotechnological Solutions to Anthropogenic Disturbances , no. : 35-42.
Economics plays a double role in the field of water management, firstly as a powerful analytical tool supporting water allocation and policy decisions, and secondly in the form of policy instruments (water pricing, markets, etc.). This Special Issue presents a platform for sharing results connecting excellent interdisciplinary research applied to different regional and sectoral problems around the world. The 22 peer-reviewed papers collected in this Special Issue have been grouped into five broad categories: Water valuation and accounting; Economic instruments; Cost effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis; and Water productivity and Governance. They are briefly presented.
Julio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Julia Martin-Ortega. Water Economics and Policy. Water 2017, 9, 801 .
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, Julia Martin-Ortega. Water Economics and Policy. Water. 2017; 9 (10):801.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín; Julia Martin-Ortega. 2017. "Water Economics and Policy." Water 9, no. 10: 801.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a unique and historic piece of environmental legislation, combining ecological and economic dimensions. The aim of the WFD is to ensure sustainable socio-economic management of the resource, protecting the quantity and quality of water. The complexity of this political, ecological and economic framework has led to misinterpretation and implementation problems among Member States, and thus to unsatisfactory outcomes. This paper analyses the economic science challenges for the upcoming WFD reform and its subsequent implementation, and gives some recommendations about how to handle these challenges. Consensus is required on the definitions of the existing economic concepts and tools currently included in European Union (EU) water policy (through the original WFD) and the methods for operationalizing them. Additionally, this will help fill key gaps, such as the lack of suitably skilled practitioners and the need for homogeneous economic knowledge among Member States. Furthermore, it seems necessary to integrate additional emerging concepts into the water policy debate and its praxis in the EU context.
Julio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito. Economic challenges for the EU Water Framework Directive reform and implementation. European Planning Studies 2017, 26, 20 -34.
AMA StyleJulio Berbel, Alfonso Expósito. Economic challenges for the EU Water Framework Directive reform and implementation. European Planning Studies. 2017; 26 (1):20-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Berbel; Alfonso Expósito. 2017. "Economic challenges for the EU Water Framework Directive reform and implementation." European Planning Studies 26, no. 1: 20-34.