Alopecia areata is a type of non-scarring hair loss. The dysregulation of numerous systemic Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-12, and IL-18), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17E, IL-31 and IL-33) and Th17 (IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and TGF-β) cytokines was observed in patients with alopecia areata. Positive correlations between the severity of alopecia areata and an increased serum level of various cytokines including IL-2, TNF, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-17E were reported in the literature. An increased serum level of numerous cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-6, TNF, IL-12, IL-17E, and IL-22, was described as positively correlated with the duration of the disease. Moreover, it was shown that increased pre-treatment serum level of IL-12 was a positive, while increased serum levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were negative prognostic markers for the efficacy of diphenylcyclopropenone. In conclusion, alopecia areata is associated with the dysregulation of systemic Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines with their role in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and prognosis of the disease. Available data indicate the most significant role of serum IL-2, TNF, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-17E as markers of disease activity. The serum levels IL-4, IL-12 and IL-13 may be useful as potential predictors of diphenylcyclopropenone efficacy.

Bruxism, characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, is a widespread condition with multifaceted implications for oral health, physical well-being, and quality of life. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth study of bruxism, encompassing its definition, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and consequences. Bruxism is classified based on its timing (sleep bruxism or awake bruxism). The etiology of bruxism is multifactorial, involving physiological factors such as central nervous system (CNS) pathways, sleep disorders, and occlusal factors, as well as psychological factors like stress, anxiety, personality traits and environmental factors including medications, substances, and stressors. Clinically, bruxism can result in various dental consequences, including tooth wear, fractures and damage to restorations, as well as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) such as myofascial pain. These manifestations can negatively impact individual's oral health, physical well-being, and overall quality of life. Management strategies include behavioral and lifestyle changes, oral appliances, dental treatments for tooth damage, and, in certain instances, pharmacological interventions. While the current understanding of bruxism has advanced, further research is needed to fully elucidate its etiology, pathophysiology, and effective management strategies.

Background: Dystonia is a heterogeneous hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and postures. Although numerous genes associated with dystonia have been identified, the genetic background remains unknown in many patients. Data on genotype–phenotype correlations in Polish populations remain limited. Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with generalized dystonia and compare clinical features between individuals with and without genetically confirmed dystonia-causative variants in a Polish cohort. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with generalized dystonia at a single neurological center was performed. Diagnosis was established according to MDS criteria. Genetic analysis included whole-exome sequencing, targeted NGS genetic panel, MLPA, Sanger sequencing and PCR_RFLP analysis. Clinical and demographic data were extracted from medical records. Clinical characteristics of individuals with and without causative variants were compared. Results: A total of 113 patients with generalized dystonia were included. Genetic variants were identified in 13 patients (11.5%). These included variants within the TOR1A, THAP1, SGCE, GCH1, NKX2-1, SLC2A1, KMT2B, PDHA1, MFN2, and GNAL genes. We found detailed clinical data of 46 patients included in the study. Our comparative analysis of patients with causative (n = 7) and without causative variants (n = 39) revealed no statistically significant differences in age of onset, initial symptom localization, treatment response, family history, or associated neurological features. Conclusions: In this cohort of Polish patients with generalized dystonia, we identified pathogenic variants in approximately 11.5% of cases. No significant clinical differences were observed between patients with genetically confirmed dystonia and those without identified variants. In this study, we report the first two Polish cases with DYT-GNAL variants. Further studies are required to reveal the clinical heterogeneity of dystonia and characterize dystonia subtypes.

In recent years the ketogenic diet (KD) has become more and more popular. This diet is used not only to reduce weight but also there are an increasingly amount of new researches with multiple possitives effects in some diseases, such as prevention in cardiovascular conditions, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, some types of cancers and psoriasis. This paper offers an overview of these various medical conditions in which ketogenic diet can be used. Furthermore we describe the mechanism and potential efficacy of the KD. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched.

In recent years the ketogenic diet (KD) has become more and more popular. This diet is used not only to reduce weight but also there are an increasingly amount of new researches with multiple possitives effects in some diseases, such as prevention in cardiovascular conditions, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, some types of cancers and psoriasis. This paper offers an overview of these various medical conditions in which ketogenic diet can be used. Furthermore we describe the mechanism and potential efficacy of the KD. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched.

Understanding how ADHD affects sexual functioning is key to providing comprehensive care. This review looks into the current research on sexual health in people with ADHD, focusing on how common sexual dysfunction is, how ADHD symptoms might impact sexual behavior, and what role medications play. By summarizing the existing studies, this review aims to highlight what we don’t know yet and suggest future research to improve treatment and patient outcomes. The review covers literature related to sexual functioning in ADHD, particularly looking at connections to hypersexuality, paraphilias, and various sexual behaviors. A thorough search of electronic databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, was conducted using relevant keywords such as 'ADHD,' 'hypersexuality,' 'paraphilias,' 'sexuality,' 'sexual behavior,' and 'sexual violence.' The study duration was 6 months. Common features of ADHD, such as impulsivity, poor impulse control, and difficulties with self-regulation, may contribute to risky sexual behaviors, compulsive sexual behavior, or the development of paraphilic interests. It's important for doctors dealing with ADHD in children to discuss sexual health as the patient nears adolescence and offer guidance on safe sex. Treatment should combine medication with therapy. Since impulsivity seems to play a big role in risky sexual behavior, making contraceptives readily available could be important for sexual health. Longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand the temporal relationships and progression of sexual behaviors and ADHD symptoms over time. Given the potential impact of ADHD on sexual behavior and functioning, healthcare providers should consider screening for ADHD in patients presenting with issues related to hypersexuality, paraphilias, or other sexual concerns.