The spreading of infectious diseases caused by the emergence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) pathogens is a global threat that has led to numerous deaths annually. In view of this, there is an overwhelming need to discover new bioactive compounds with effective antimicrobial properties. Concurrently, the genus Streptomyces has a growing reputation as a potential biological source of various antibiotics and other bioactive metabolites. Streptomyces sp. has been isolated from different sources, including terrestrial and marine habitats with a myriad of promising compounds that could be used to treat MDR pathogens. Therefore, this study presents a systematic review of the antibacterial activities of Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist were employed in this studyto collect relevant articles from two research databases, namely PubMed and Science Direct. The selection process includes identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion of articles. Several keywords and criteria were established for the screening and selection process. Based on the results, a total of 26 articles were selected from 70 potential articles. The articles were published between 2015 and 2020 with most studies being published in 2020, indicating an increased interest in Streptomyces and its derived compounds. Approximately 51 different PMMB 2022, 5, 1; a0000281 2 of 25 Streptomyces-derived compounds have been identified, ranging from crude extracts, pure compounds, and partially purified compounds. Various parameters were also used to assess their antibacterial activities, particularly the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (69%) and the zone of inhibition (11%). Moreover, the antibacterial activities of these compounds were effective on numerous gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, 46% and 54% of the selected studies were focused on inhibiting MDR and nonMDR pathogens, respectively. In conclusion, both crude and purified compounds from Streptomyces sp. exhibited strong antibacterial effects. It is expected that extensive future research would develop a standard method to compare the antibacterial strength of eachextracted compound from Streptomyces sp. and determine the most effective bioactive compounds to treat diseases caused by MDR pathogens.

The global halal market is expanding fast as halal products establish themselves as a new standard for safety and quality assurance. The constituent of a product, whether pharmaceutical or cosmetic, determines its halal classification. Ingredients that do not correspond to the halal standard are commonly known as critical ingredients. As a result, various substitutes for critical ingredients should be developed to raise global demand for the halal market. This study aims to review the current research development on the alternatives for halal critical ingredients in halal pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and to explore the testing methods used to test the alternative option for halal critical ingredients. This systematic study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards and all the publications in this review meet the research eligibility requirements, which were searched and selected using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and MyCite. This study examined approximately 21 publications that proposed various substances derived from sources such as plants, animals, marines, and microbes. Three publications illustrated the possible use of the choice in insulin resistant patients, whereas seven articles discussed on the potential replacement for gelatine. Insulin and gelatine are the most frequently explored topics among the publications included in this review. Their alternative possibilities, whether derived from plants, marine sources, or microbe based substances, are thoroughly evaluated to determine their desired effect or activity. The testing methodologies demonstrated that the alternative possibilities are far superior to the critical ingredients in terms of texture, morphology, activity, composition, and even the cost of synthesis.

Development of hemicellulose-based hydrogels have gained many interests from researchers in recent years because of their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, economically, and non-toxic. Hemicellulose based hydrogels possessed exclusive properties such as tuneable swelling behaviour and stimuli-responsiveness which have advantages in the preparation of potential hydrogels for drug delivery applications. This study was conducted by a systematic review process guided by PRISMA protocol, involving 20 related studies retrieved from Science Direct and PubMed, and data extraction and analysis were done by thoroughly review all the included articles. Three main themes were raised and discussed mainly focusing on the hydrogel synthesis, properties and drug delivery applications. The findings of this study had shown that hemicellulose-based hydrogels have great performance, functionality, and proven to be a promising drug carrier for controlled and sustained release drug delivery.

Various types of wound treatment materials have been developed that influenced by numerous wound types and wound management using hydrogel has been explored and widely used before. Among current strategies of development of hydrogel is the one that can act as a cell carrier that is applicable for wound healing. Thus, this study is conducted for reviewing the synthesis and method approaches for various polysaccharide-based hydrogel as wound healing materials. In other hand, this study is concerning on properties of hydrogel and their biological role as cell carrier that can support wound healing process by reviewing studies that related to polysaccharide-based hydrogel as cell carrier. Various types of polysaccharide-based hydrogel such as alginate, chitosan and hyaluronic acid have been developed using different type of approaches for wound healing. They can capsulate various type of cells that and the formed polymers give an excellent support for the cells such as to be delivered to the host tissues as well as aiding angiogenesis to accelerate wound healing. The emerging polysaccharide-based hydrogel for wound carrier has a very promising criterion that can be polished further due to its favorable qualities in assisting wound healing mechanisms.

Aim/Background Aurone is a well-known, naturally occurring, minor flavonoid with significant biological properties. However, their low abundance in nature limits their application in the medical field. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of a novel synthetic aurone, (Z)-6-methoxy-2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethylene) benzofuran-3(2H)-one (AU-23). Materials and Methods AU-23 was synthesized via multistep synthesis reactions involving the oxidative cyclization of 2’-hydroxychalcones. AU-23 was tested for antibacterial, minimum inhibitory concentration and antibiofilm activity against several ATCC strains using agar well diffusion, broth-micro dilution and XTT assay methods respectively. Results At various concentrations, it selectively inhibited the growth of four strains (P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300). Moreover, it was observed that AU-23 had a bactericidal effect on sensitive strains of MSSA ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, as well as a bacteriostatic effect on MRSA ATCC 33591 and MRSA ATCC 43300. AU-23 also displayed effective antibiofilm activity against monomicrobial biofilms but not against polymicrobial biofilms. The findings of PCR study revealed that AU-23 downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS and TNF-α), as well as crucial pattern recognition receptors (TLR4 and CD14) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that the ability of AU-23 to bind to the mouse TLR4/MD-2 complex was comparable to that of dexamethasone. Conclusion The results of several studies conducted, suggests that AU-23 has the potential to function as an effective dual-action agent with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Despite the historical use of T. cordifolia in Ayurveda for diabetes, its potential for promoting diabetic wound healing remains unexplored. This study evaluated the diabetic wound healing ability of aqueous ethanolic stem extract of T. cordifolia (AETC) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NAD) induced diabetic rats. AETC extracts were extracted using 70% aqueous ethanolic solvent via Soxhlet extraction. A full-thickness excision wound was created on the dorsal skin of STZ-NAD-induced diabetic rats and followed by a 14-day treatment with AETC extract at high (500 mg/kg) and low (250 mg/kg) doses. The key parameters, including blood glucose levels, wound contraction percentage, and epithelisation time were evaluated. Wound tissues were collected for histopathological analysis. Oral administration of AETC significantly reduced blood glucose levels over 14 days (p ≤ 0.01) and notably improved the percentage of wound contraction compared to diabetic controls (p < 0.05). Both doses also displayed significant improvement in epithelisation time (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis consistently unveiled the healing of the epidermis, a reduction in inflammation, as well as the enhancement of granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition. This study demonstrated the potential ability of AETC not only in lowering the blood glucose level but also in ameliorating diabetic wound healing.