This study aims to encourage innovative participation in the management of medical waste by bedridden patients in the research region of Khon Sawan, Chaiaphum Province, through research and development. The steps were as follows: Phase 1: Study of bedridden patient waste management situations using the amount of waste generated through innovation with relatives, non-relatives, village health volunteers (VHVs), and community leaders. Phase 2: Developing creative waste management engagement requires two steps: (1) analyzing the problem or its cause and generating management alternatives through collaborative brainstorming with a community member and (2) gathering the thoughts and suggestions of a number of agency specialists. The outcome is a novel model of participation in waste management by bedridden patients termed “Four Joins of Power,” which includes (1) participatory activities and enhancing community knowledge and attitudes, and (2) providing information on the management of each type of waste. (3) cooperation in waste management (analytical thinking, planning, execution, etc.) and regulation by mutually agreed-upon rules. (4) joint expansion of the waste management network: Phase 3 is the innovation trial, and Phase 4 is the innovation assessment. The paired t-test was used to compare pre-and post-development knowledge and attitudes, and to conduct qualitative data analysis. In Phase 3, after implementing collaborative innovations, the average knowledge ($\overline{X}$ = 13.23) and attitudes ($\overline{X}$ = 4.14) regarding waste management increased considerably (p < 0.05), and in Phase 4, waste management behavior comprising sorting, storage, and disposal was observed. There were progressively substantial gains ($\overline{X}$ = 4.25 and $\overline{X}$ = 4.27). Among the most collaborative participants, 93.50% were satisfied. To reduce the amount of waste that must be sorted and collected, it is necessary to emphasize the participation of people and networks from all sectors in the area through joint thinking, planning, and comprehensive analysis, to ensure the sustainability of waste management in the community.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that has been recognized as significant to environmental health. Thailand’s Tak Province, known for its historical mining and agricultural activities, has been identified as an area of high cadmium exposure. The objective of this investigation was to assess urinary cadmium (UCd), metallothionine in serum (B-MT-1), and kidney injured molecular-1 in urine (U-KIM-1). The target population and study area comprised individuals born between 1992–1999 in the zinc-mining areas of the Phatapadaeng, Mae Tao, and Mae Ku subdistricts of Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. The sample size was 122 participants and the criteria for inclusion were the individuals rechecked for UCd in 2016. The case definition included testing for UCd by ICP-MS, early renal dysfunction (U-KIM-1), amounts exceeding 0.20 µg/gCr, and environmental exposure to cadmium, indicated by B-MT-1 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r), chi-square (χ²), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 level of statistical significance to make inferences. The results indicate that 90.16% of the urine samples contained cadmium concentrations between 0.20 and 0.49 µg/gCr. The prevalence of MT-1 and KIM-1 in individuals aged 19–21 was 19.35% and 17.59%, respectively. We found that MT-1 was significantly higher among the residents of Phatadpadaeng, whereas KIM-1 was dominant among Mae Ku subdistrict participants. Females aged 15–18 and 19–21 had higher levels of MT-1 and KIM-1 compared to males in both age groups. The concentration of UCd was found to be higher among participants aged 15–18 and 19–21 years with UCd levels ranging between 0.20–0.49 µg/gCr-MT-1 and 0.50–0.80 µg/gCr-KIM-1. There was no correlation between age, gender, or region and MT-1 and KIM-1 detection. Menstruation is one of the risk factors for iron loss resulting in iron deficiency among teenage girls, and thus a source of cadmium bioavailability in the body. We, therefore, recommend that relevant authorities should focus on carrying out periodic surveillance among women aged 19 to 21 to identify those affected and subject them to treatment.

Background: This systematic review examined the impact of road safety education (RSE) on lowering teenage traffic accidents and injuries in Southeast Asia based on existing literature. We evaluated the effectiveness of road safety education programs, contextual and cultural adaptations, the integration of practical training, implementation challenges, and the long-term impacts on changing teenage behaviour. Material and Methods: The study followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). This involved counting the number of studies showing a positive, negative, or no effect. A search of the articles in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted. The effectiveness of RSE was assessed by vote counting, tallying the number of studies showing positive, neutral, or negative impacts on teenage driving behaviour aged 13-19 years. A total of seventeen studies were selected for inclusion using predefined criteria. Results: Upon conducting a systematic review, 17 key studies were identified for inclusion, reflecting diverse methodologies and focus areas. Across the research, it is evident that teenagers benefit significantly from receiving both theoretical knowledge and practical training. This comprehensive approach enhances their confidence and skills in adhering to traffic safety laws. Moreover, the involvement of parents and communities emerges as a vital factor for the success of educational initiatives. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the paramount importance of prioritizing long-term behavioural change and sustainability in road safety initiatives, particularly focusing on teenagers. It advocates for a comprehensive approach involving community and parental engagement alongside educational programs. The findings emphasize the necessity for policymakers in Southeast Asia to allocate funding towards culturally sensitive and standardized RSE programs, integrating practical training and long-term reinforcement strategies.

Fluoride exposure from natural, agricultural, and industrial sources has harmed people living in fluoride-affected areas. Fluoride accumulates in the human body after being exposed to it through the food chain. The population consisted of 371 community health volunteers who were surveyed and chosen based on personal fluoride information. Only 39 residents were chosen to be interviewed and take part in the trial, which involved drinking fluoride-containing groundwater (>1.5 part per million: ppm) and urine testing that revealed urine fluoride level (>0.7 ppm). In addition, 47 biological samples and eight commercially bottled water specimens were examined. The information was gathered in four ways: (1) a questionnaire-based survey of fluoride knowledge, (2) food consumption behavior with locally grown vegetables, fruits, poultry, and meat, and commercially bottled water produced by groundwater in fluoride-affected areas, (3) a semi-food frequency questionnaire, and (4) fluoride content measurements using an ion-selective electrode. According to the analyses, the participants ranged in age from 51 to 60 years, with approximately 60.38% of them female and born and raised in polluted areas. The majority of subjects had a low level of fluoride knowledge (65.23%). The respondents’ primary source of drinking water (100.00%) was commercially bottled water; they chewed camellia sinensis 11.56% of the time (1 to 5 years) and they drank tea 9.16% of the time (during 1 to 5 years). Sus scrofa domesticus was responsible for the intake of vegetables and fruits, whereas Brassica chinensis, Jusl var para-chinensis (Bailey), and Tsen and Lee were responsible for the intake of poultry and animal flesh. They were all purchased at a local farm. The hazard quotient was greater than one, and the fluoride concentration (ppm) ranged between 75.00% (0.29–5.20), 57.14% (0.01–0.46), 88.89% (0.07–0.91), 100.00% (0.43–3.07), 100.00% (0.58–0.77), 42.86% (0.12–0.62 ppm.), 60.00% (0.11–1.44), and 33.33% (0.10–0.80) in drinking water, fruit, young and mature plants. Fluoride ingestion may pose a health concern. Under the 95th percentile condition, 74.47% consumed water with a high fluoride level, vegetables and fruits, and poultry and meats.

Fluoride naturally occurs in the Earth’s crust and is widely dispersed in groundwater. The high consumption of fluoride can inhibit iodine metabolism in the human body, especially in the thyroid gland. This study assessed iodine knowledge, iodine consumption behavior, urinary iodine (UI), thyroid stimulating hormone (serum TSH), and free triiodothyronine3 (serum FT3) and examined the connection between fluoride exposure and UI and thyroid function as serum concentrations of TSH and FT3 in pregnant women dwelling in an area of endemic fluorosis. This was a cross-sectional study. The population included 152 pregnant women within the 1^st trimester of pregnancy, during which they were provided antenatal care (ANC) in seven public community hospitals in Phayao province, Thailand. The study consisted of two components. First, the study consisted of a questionnaire in which we evaluated the iodine knowledge and iodine consumptive behaviors in subjects. Second, biochemical data were investigated to evaluate thyroid function in the subjects. The gestational age of most subjects was 8–12 weeks. The study population has lived in fluoride-contaminated areas since birth (76.97%). The iodine and iodine consumption levels were moderate (50.00%). Their food iodine consumption was 3–4 days/week, and the top five consumption ranks were iodized salt, cooked pork, eggs, sticky rice, and iodine fish sauce. In terms of biochemical parameters, 63.16% of respondents had UI levels below 150.00 g/L, which is below the normal reference range of 150.00–249.00 g/L. 89.47% of the risk of hypothyroidism was associated with serum TSH levels below 2.50 g/L. In 38.16% of the samples, normal levels of serum FT3 (2.00–4.40 pg/L) were identified in the subjects. In addition, 61.84% of the samples had FT3 concentrations greater than 4.40 pg/L (high intake of iodine). The approved association between positive serum FT3 data and serum TSH was positive (r = 260 and < 0.05). These studies imply that these elevated levels of TSH and FT3 place pregnant women in their first trimester at risk for hypothyroidism.