Background: Staphylococcusspp. are the major causal agents of mastitis in dairy animals worldwide leading to profound economic losses and public health threats. Recently,Staphylococcus aureushas emerged as a multidrug resistant and zoonotic pathogen. This study aimed to characterizeS. aureusin subclinical mastitis (SCM) milk samples of riverine buffaloes in Bangladesh through antibiogram and virulence gene(s) profiling, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Method: We characterizedS. aureusin SCM milk samples (N = 500) of riverine buffaloes through antibiogram and virulence gene(s) profiling, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Results: Out of 500 milk samples tested, 188 (37.6%) were found positive for SCM. From 188 SCM samples, 291 isolates were obtained with a prevalence ofS. aureusin 37.4% (109/291) isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary divergence ofS. aureusisolates in bubaline SCM milk samples. The antibiogram profiling showed that about 96.0%S. aureusisolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Notably, 29 and 16 isolates harboured methicillin‐resistant (mecA) and panton‐valentine leucocidin (pvl) genes, respectively, and 46 plasmid‐bearing isolates were MDR. NineStaphylococcalenterotoxins (SEs/SEls) includingsea(11.9%),sec(7.4%),sed(4.6%),seg(3.7%), andseh(3.7%) were detected with 72.48% toxinotypes comprising a single gene.Conclusion: This study therefore suggestsS. aureusas the single‐most aetiology (∼37.0%) of SCM in riverine buffaloes, and emergence of MDR, enterotoxin producing, and virulentS. aureusstrains could impose potential threats to animal welfare and public health.

In this study, previously published Rab7 sequences from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) have been investigated from chordates, mollusks, annelids, cnidarians, amphibians, priapulids, brachiopods, and arthropods including decapods and other groups. Among decapod crustacean isolates, amino acid variations were found in 13 locations. Penaeid shrimps had variations in positions 13 (I ⟶ J), 22 (T ⟶ A), 124 (G ⟶ X), and 149 (V ⟶ X) while interestingly the freshwater prawn and mitten crab both had amino acid substitutions in positions 87 (V ⟶ C) and 95 (T ⟶ S) along with the other disagreements in amino acid positions 178 (S ⟶ N), 201 (D ⟶ E), 181 (E ⟶ D), 182 (L ⟶ I), 183 (Y ⟶ G), 184 (N ⟶ H), and 198 (A ⟶ T). Among 100 isolates of Rab7 from organisms of various phyla, mutations were observed in several positions. These mutations caused variations in hydrophobicity and isoelectric point which impact the ligand-protein binding affinity. Some common mutations were found in the organisms of the same phylum and among different phyla. Homology modeling of Rab7 proteins from different organisms was done using SWISS-MODEL and validated further by developing Ramachandran plots. Protein-protein docking showed that active residues were there in the binding interfaces of Rab7 from organisms of seven different phyla and VP28 of WSSV. Similarities were observed in the Rab7-VP28 complexes in those selected organisms which differed from the Rab7-VP28 complex in the case of Penaeid shrimp. The findings of this study suggest that WSSV may exist in different marine organisms that have Rab7 protein and transmit to crustaceans like shrimps and crabs which are of commercial importance.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that has been recognized as significant to environmental health. Thailand’s Tak Province, known for its historical mining and agricultural activities, has been identified as an area of high cadmium exposure. The objective of this investigation was to assess urinary cadmium (UCd), metallothionine in serum (B-MT-1), and kidney injured molecular-1 in urine (U-KIM-1). The target population and study area comprised individuals born between 1992–1999 in the zinc-mining areas of the Phatapadaeng, Mae Tao, and Mae Ku subdistricts of Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. The sample size was 122 participants and the criteria for inclusion were the individuals rechecked for UCd in 2016. The case definition included testing for UCd by ICP-MS, early renal dysfunction (U-KIM-1), amounts exceeding 0.20 µg/gCr, and environmental exposure to cadmium, indicated by B-MT-1 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r), chi-square (χ²), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 level of statistical significance to make inferences. The results indicate that 90.16% of the urine samples contained cadmium concentrations between 0.20 and 0.49 µg/gCr. The prevalence of MT-1 and KIM-1 in individuals aged 19–21 was 19.35% and 17.59%, respectively. We found that MT-1 was significantly higher among the residents of Phatadpadaeng, whereas KIM-1 was dominant among Mae Ku subdistrict participants. Females aged 15–18 and 19–21 had higher levels of MT-1 and KIM-1 compared to males in both age groups. The concentration of UCd was found to be higher among participants aged 15–18 and 19–21 years with UCd levels ranging between 0.20–0.49 µg/gCr-MT-1 and 0.50–0.80 µg/gCr-KIM-1. There was no correlation between age, gender, or region and MT-1 and KIM-1 detection. Menstruation is one of the risk factors for iron loss resulting in iron deficiency among teenage girls, and thus a source of cadmium bioavailability in the body. We, therefore, recommend that relevant authorities should focus on carrying out periodic surveillance among women aged 19 to 21 to identify those affected and subject them to treatment.

Microplastic pollution and microbial contamination are increasingly recognized as interconnected threats to freshwater quality and public health, yet their co-occurrence and interactions in coastal freshwater systems of developing regions remain poorly understood. To address this gap, microplastic characteristics, health risks, and microbial indicators including Escherichia coli , fecal coliforms, and total plate counts were assessed across industrial and urban sectors of a coastal freshwater canal in Bangladesh used for drinking, irrigation, and domestic purposes. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 0.45 to 0.93 items/L, with significantly higher levels in the industrial zone, where fibers (46%) predominated, and over 98% of MPs were <0.5 mm in size, indicating advanced degradation. Microbial loads exceeded WHO limits, with E. coli reaching 3,433 CFU/100 mL and fecal coliforms up to 4,033 CFU/100 mL, classifying the canal water as high-risk. Strong correlations between MP characteristics (type, color, size) and microbial loads, as revealed by correlation and PCA analyses, suggest that MPs serve as substrates for microbial growth. Pollution indices (PLI: 1.78 industrial vs. 1.19 urban) confirmed significant microplastic contamination. These elevated MP concentrations and microbial loads, exceeding WHO thresholds, significantly degrade water quality and pose severe human health risks, underscoring the compounded environmental and public health hazards associated with MP-microbial interactions. The results highlighted the urgent need for integrated wastewater management and pollution mitigation strategies in coastal Bangladesh.

Background: Despite the fact that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is proactive, it turns to the severely reactive species and harmful hydroxyl radical (HO*) to the cell, which is then enable to interfere with pairs of nucleotides in DNA as well as, the similar way, trigger breakage of the strand due to genotoxicity (carcinogenesis, mutagenesis) and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of these ROS in the cell leads to various types of chronic degenerative disorders like different types of diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, several types of cancer and so one. Phytochemicals as well as antioxidants perform a crucial task in the prevention of ROS production, which is undergo oxidative stress. However, the potential antioxidant capacity of a molecule is determined by the H2O2 scavenging rate. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assay was incorporated utilizing the replacement titration assay and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Objective: The focus of this investigation was to determine the antioxidant potency of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuuas L.) extracts by using H2O2 and DPPH scavenging assays, as well as polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents. Methodology: We have also studied the water and ethanolic exudates of various sorts of sunflower from the Noakhali region of Bangladesh to check their polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin residues. The antioxidant potency was also assessed applying the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical reducing capacity. Results: The ethanolic extract of sunflower included the maximum amount of polyphenols (8.61%), flavonoids (30.67%) as well as obtained in max yields (10.15%). The solution of ethanolic exudate had upmost antioxidant characteristics in both H2O2 and DPPH radical-scavenging activity than those in the aqueous extract. The scavenging rate of DPPH and H2O2 was brought about in a dose-dependent way. Conclusion: Overall, the sunflowers examined in this present study are reliable origin of natural antioxidants that confer unique defensive mechanism adverse to free radical toxicity, are accessible sources of natural antioxidants, also can be used as a potent diet supplement or in the medicinal value against diseases. Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research, January 2024;11(1):8-16