Through its commitment to universalism, the inclusion of disabled people has become an increasingly prominent objective of the Paralympic Games. To achieve this, the organisers rely on the notion of legacy, which refers to the expected effects of major sporting events on host countries. This notion was initially founded on material aspects and then took an interest in certain intangible sides that were spotted within the organiser’s goals and studied in literature. Building on the historical literature about the Paralympic movement’s institutionalization, this article shows that this institutionalization took place in a context of tension between disabled communities, depending on their proximity to the Olympic model. What is the impact of this historical legacy in terms of inclusion of the greater number? By shedding light on the historical perspective of the obstacles encountered in the creation of an ‘all-disabilities’ sporting event, this article aims to discuss and challenge the current perspective on the inclusive legacy of the Paralympic Games.

La massification du recours aux thérapies alternatives dans les sociétés occidentales est ici interrogée au travers de l’analyse des itinéraires thérapeutiques des patients. Celle-ci met en évidence une conjugaison systématique et récurrente des usages de la médecine biomédicale et des médecines alternatives. Si la médecine biomédicale remplit une fonction de réassurance pour le patient, les thérapies alternatives se présentent comme les espaces privilégiés de la quête, par la médiation du corps, d’un « au-delà » du monde techno-scientifique. Les thérapies alternatives peuvent-elles alors se comprendre comme des lieux dans lesquels se vit un ré-enchantement du monde, facilitant l’adaptation ?

This paper studies 'minority' initiatives to organize sports games. A meta-analysis of published data in the literature identifies the formal appearance taken by each of these initiatives under the Olympic model. But it also conduces to build a number of indicators to answer a series of questions about their logic and strategies. All the initiatives studied are based on an ambivalent posture that, while based on the denunciation of a discriminating space, claim access to it. By an astonishing paradox, 'non-normative' actors are driven to reclaim a model that, under cover of Universal, aims to establish a norm that is situated and dated. In practice, they use two types of strategies: a strategy for participation in the Olympics to transform them into a space which represents a fight against exclusion, or a strategy to create alternative events. Whatever the strategy, these initiatives are implemented according to their objectives. Differentiated in their forms-participatory or autonomy-they are also in their purpose. The comparison of these initiatives shows that ultimately, beyond strategies and logic inherent in different social, historical and organizational contexts, the mobilizations of the actors reveal the same ambivalence about the sports model conveyed by the Olympic institution.

Les hommes se sont-ils toujours salués avant de s'affronter en combat singulier ? Et si oui, quelle est la fonction du salut ? Référence au divin, conjuration du sort et de la mort, ou simple rappel d'une éthique du combat régulier ?L'étude de trois populations de judokas montre que le rituel du salut est un véritable médium de communication, dont le sens minimum partagé par tous autorise l'entrée dans le combat.

International audienceThis article presents the institutional implications and ideologies in the organisation of a Sports Movement for the disabled, whether a physical or sensory handicap, and focusing particular attention on its development in France, linked with international structures. The emergence and development in France of sports organisations for the disabled is based on a different model from that introduced in England by Guttmann through the Stoke Mandeville Games. From the 1960s, both trends, one supported by physicians and the other by individuals concerned with disabilities, structured the International Movement as a contest of negotiations and competition. The objective of rehabilitating paraplegics put in place at Stoke Mandeville gradually gave way to a sport rational and the integration of all types of disability within the Movement. The desire to unite in a single organisation was the driving force of the Movement in its search for dual recognition, on the one hand, as the representative of all physical and sensory deficiencies and, on the other, by the able-bodied sports councils and, in particular, the International Olympic Committee. However, this raised a number of issues inherent to any deficiency when taking into account its specific peculiarities