Worldwide, studies reveal that a significant proportion of adults and children do not meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity (PA). Therefore, it is crucial that proxy determinants for child physical activity enhancement could be identified. Parents have been considered to have a key role in child adherence to physical activity. Thus, this systematic review aimed to identify association between parents’ and children’s PA. The search of scientific papers was conducted from 31 October 2020 until 31 January 2021, on the Web of Science, Scopus, Psycinfo, SportDiscus, and Pubmed databases. The PRISMA protocol was used. Findings indicate a consistent association between parents’ and children’s (6–12 years old) PA. Despite the imbalance of the number of assessed fathers and mothers with the latter clearly overrepresented, a trend towards the same gender dyads on PA significant and positive association (father/son, mother/daughter) was evidenced. Results support the relevant importance of parents’ PA as role modeling (either explicitly or implicitly) for children’s PA. Besides, results revealed the importance of promoting PA in family for the enhancement of children’s PA. Moreover, and given the positive impact of exerting PA with the children on children’s PA, parents should spend more time practicing PA with their children, especially on MVPA and meeting the recommended guidelines for PA. Future studies should highlight the role of mediator variables on this interaction process, extending the knowledge on the contribution of other factors to the requested enhancement of children adherence to PA practice.

In ultimate games governed by the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF), all competitors also take on the role of referee. The players discuss disputed calls with each other during the game, and then follow rules designed for these situations to determine how the play continues. The number one rule of the sport is to respect the spirit of the game (SOTG), which encourages competitive play while preserving mutual respect and minimizing the risk of injury. The use of SOTG in ultimate in the framework of self-arbitration as a moral practice aligns well with other tools of critical pedagogy. For this study, the SOTG scores of the WFDF Joint Junior Ultimate Championship (JJUC 2022) were analyzed. A total of 1009 players from 19 countries competed in 434 self-refereed games (29 national teams in the WJUC Under-20 (U20) tournament and 20 teams in the EYUC Under-17 (U17) tournament). All the scores from the individual criteria correlated well with the overall scores, but for the most part, they did not correlate with each other. Our experience with the scoring system has highlighted the importance of participants understanding the meaning of the results and how they may lead to a constructive reflection to improve exceptions, including scores representing fouls and rules knowledge. The findings provide important information for physical education teachers, coaches, and sport consultants and may be of use to design SOTG programs that could foster the experience of sportsmanship and to facilitate the ethical conduct of athletes in either recreative or in competitive contexts.

O envelhecimento está associado a patologias crónicas, que podem ser prevenidas ou retardadas através do envolvimento em comportamentos saudáveis, como a prática regular de Exercício Físico (EF). O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade de vida, vitalidade e força de preensão manual de idosos participantes em programas comunitários de EF, bem como analisar a relação da prática de EF com estas variáveis. Recorreu-se a uma amostra composta por 81 indivíduos, 49 do sexo feminino e 32 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 65 e os 85 anos (72.33±5.02). Os resultados indicam-nos que os elementos do género masculino apresentavam valores superiores nas variáveis força de preensão manual (p≤0.001; =0.510), vitalidade subjetiva (p=0.05; =0.005) e no domínio “intimidade” da qualidade de vida (p=0.01; =0.005). Relativamente à análise das relações entre as variáveis, no género feminino a força de preensão manual está relacionada com a frequência semanal (r=0.42; p=0.003), com o número de horas de prática (r=0.49; p≤0.001), e com a qualidade de vida geral (r=0.35; p=0.015). Ainda no género feminino, verificamos a existência de uma regressão linear significativa da frequência de prática semanal (R² ajustado=0.23; p≤0.001) e do número de horas semanal (R² ajustado=0.30; p ≤0.001), com a força de preensão manual. Já no género masculino, a força de preensão manual correlaciona-se com o número de horas de prática semanal (r=0.38; p=0.033). Já a vitalidade está relacionada com a força de preensão manual (r=0.49; p=0.004) e com a qualidade de vida geral (r=0.61; p≤0.001). Parece assim evidente o papel do EF por parte desta população, bem como a inclusão do treino de força uma vez que esta variável parece estar associada a uma melhor perceção de qualidade de vida e de vitalidade pelo idoso.

The present study aimed to verify whether, in children of 10 years of age practicing athletics, a greater number of years of practice of this modality would correspond to higher values of motor competence (MC), as determined by the Motor Quotient (MQ) in the Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK). The cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in an athletics club in Portugal. Thirty-two children were evaluated, 15 female (10.4±0.25 years of age, 2.5±0.92 years of practice) and 17 male (10.4±0.22 years of age, 2.2±1.1 years of practice). Although no significant differences were found between children with one or two years of athletics practice and children with three or four, a moderate positive correlation was found between the time of practice (TP) and MC in girls (ρ=0.543, p=0.036). Mean MC results were considerably higher (both sexes) than the generality of studies often reveal. Finally, there were no significant differences on MC of boys and girls. The present results allow us to speculate that athletics may have helped to fill some gaps in motor coordination so often observed in girls, and the time of practice may have been especially beneficial for this group. It is suggested a longitudinal study to, more than confirm the detected association, verify what happens with boys’ and girls’ MC throughout the years of athletics practice. Keywords: athletics; children; practice time; motor competence; KTK test.

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a manipulative eye–segmental (hand and foot) coordination task, namely the Wall Drop Punt Kick and Catch test (WDPK&C), over two weeks. Forty-one children and adolescents (18 boys, 23 girls) with a mean age of 10.2 (SD = 1.62) years old were recruited for assessment. Subjects had 30 s to perform as many ball impacts as possible on a wall two meters away, following a drop punt kick, rebound on the wall, and catch sequence. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC = 0.896) for unique measures, Cronbach Alpha (α = 0.945), and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC = 0.896) provide evidence of reliability considering two consecutive measurements. These results further support the reliability of the WDPK&C test in a sample of Portuguese children and adolescents. Thus, the WDPK&C test can be applied to Portuguese boy and girl children and adolescents. Forthcoming studies should test the reliability of this test across different age groups since it is intended to be a test with a wide lifespan coverage.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la variación de la carga fisiológica y mecánica en un equipo arbitral de sub-élite, considerando las diferentes partes del partido y su rol (árbitro de campo vs árbitro asistente). Un árbitro de campo (32.57 años) y dos árbitros asistentes (31.05 años) fueron monitoreados durante cuatro juegos del Campeonato de Portugal a lo largo de la temporada 2018-2019 (categoría de edad senior, o adulto), utilizando ZephyrTM BioHarness. Se consideraron para el análisis las siguientes variables: temperatura cutánea, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardíaca (FC), porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca máximo (%FCmáx), postura, actividad y pico de aceleración (ACpico). También se calculó la carga de impulso, expresada en N ∙ s. No se observaron diferencias fisiológicas y mecánicas según la parte del juego, considerando a todos los miembros del equipo arbitral. Se verificaron diferencias significativas entre los árbitros de campo y los árbitros asistentes en la primera y segunda parte y para el total de partido: en promedio, el árbitro de campo mostró valores superiores para temperatura cutánea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0,757), actividad (p = 0,017; r = -0,757) y ACpico (p = 0,017; r = -0,757). Curiosamente, no se encontraron diferencias para la carga de impulso entre el árbitro de campo y los árbitros asistentes. El perfil de actividad del árbitro de fútbol es fisiológica y mecánicamente exigente, incluso en un nivel de sub-élite. Las diferencias entre el árbitro de campo y los asistentes deben ser consideradas nel dibujo de programas de entrenamiento de preparación y acondicionamiento de árbitros para hacer frente a las demandas físicas de un partido de fútbol. This study aimed to examine the variation in physiological and mechanical load in a sub-elite refereeing team, considering the different parts of the match and their role (field referee vs assistant referees). One field referee (32.57 years) and two assistant referees (31.05 years) were monitored during 4 matches of the Portuguese Championship throughout the 2018-2019 season (senior age category, or adult), using the ZephyrTM BioHarness. The following variables were considered for analysis: skin temperature, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax), posture, activity, and peak acceleration (ACCpeak). The impulse load, expressed as , was also calculated. No physiological and mechanical differences were observed according to match half, considering the refereeing team members. Significant differences were verified between field referee and assistant referees in the 1st half and the 2nd half and for total match-play: on average, the field referee had higher values for skin temperature (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), HR (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %HRmax (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), activity (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), and ACCpeak (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiously, no differences were found for impulse load between the field referee and the assistant referees. The football referee’s activity profile is both physiologically and mechanically demanding, even at a sub-elite level. Differences between field referee and assistants must be considered in refereeing fitness and conditioning training programs to cope with physical demands of a football match. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a variação da carga fisiológica e mecânica numa equipa de arbitragem sub-elite, considerando as diferentes partes da partida e o seu papel (árbitro de campo vs árbitro assistente). Um árbitro de campo (32.57 anos) e dois árbitros assistentes (31.05 anos) foram monitorizados durante quatro jogos do Campeonato de Portugal ao longo da época 2018-2019 (escalão etário sénior, ou adulto), utilizando o ZephyrTM BioHarness. As seguintes variáveis foram consideradas para análise: temperatura cutânea, frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC), percentagem da frequência cardíaca máxima (%FCmáx), postura, atividade e pico de aceleração (ACpico). A carga de impulso, expressa em N ∙ s, também foi calculada. Não foram observadas diferenças fisiológicas e mecânicas de acordo com a parte do jogo, considerando todos os membros da equipa de arbitragem. Diferenças significativas foram verificadas entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes na 1ª e na 2ª parte e para o total do jogo: em média, o árbitro de campo apresentou valores superiores para a temperatura cutânea (p = 0.016; r = -0.759), FC (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), %FCmáx (p = 0.017; r = -0.757), atividade (p = 0.017; r = -0.757) e ACpico (p = 0.017; r = -0.757). Curiosamente, não foram encontradas diferenças para a carga de impulso entre o árbitro de campo e os árbitros assistentes. O perfil de atividade do árbitro de futebol é fisiológica e mecanicamente exigente, mesmo a um nível de sub-elite. As diferenças entre o árbitro de campo e os assistentes devem ser consideradas na preparação da arbitragem e nos programas de treino e condição física para melhor lidar com as exigências físicas de um jogo de futebol.