Polish raw milk artisanal cheese may pose a threat to consumer safety due to pathogen presence. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological safety, quality and physicochemical composition of cow’s and goat’s milk fresh cheeses produced by farmers on a small scale. A total of 62 samples of six cheese types were analyzed for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., lactic acid bacteria and coliform presence and concentration levels. The physicochemical analysis estimated energy, water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and salt content. The cheeses were also tested for heavy metal contamination. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the samples. Coliforms were present in all the goat’s milk cheeses and only in two of the cow’s milk cheeses. Low levels of cadmium, below 0.008 ppm, were detected in three of the cows’ milk samples. The raw milk cheeses studied were free of the pathogens examined and were of high nutritional value.

The tension between the traditional scenario, in which women fulfil themselves mainly as mothers, as well as the emancipatory approach to women’s roles reverberates more and more in Polish society. This conflict between various social expectations has a significant impact on women’s experience of picking up the role of a mother, as well as the intensification of identity ambivalence accompanying their departure from said role. This paper describes the stage in mothers’ lives when adult children move out of their family homes. As part of the [blinded for the review] project, the authors have analysed the stories told by 40 Polish women, whose adult children had moved out of the house, leaving behind a void. The moment of entering a new stage of motherhood and womanhood has been told in the context of a private place – their homes. To further highlight the experience of this moment by the women who participated in the study, the authors have conducted an analysis of their stories within the framework of Victor Turner’s liminality theory. In the case of the women, who participated in the study, the experience of liminality does not lead to a new status that would be socially recognisable. Only nine of them – according to the analysis carried out by the authors – experienced, among other things due to owning or changing their own space, the phase of aggregation, which is typical of becoming a woman in a new role – a mother of an adult child who left home. In contrast, their approach towards space and the practices of everyday life became a pointer showing them the way out of the role of mothers and let them change their status, which the sociologists lack a name for, as the authors argue.

Pojęcie relacji międzygatunkowych wydaje się zdroworozsądkowo zrozumiałe. Kiedy jednak przyjrzeć mu się dokładniej, okazuje się, że niesie ono wiele różnych niuansów i niejednoznaczności. W niniejszym tekście przedstawiamy rozważania na temat sensu pojęcia – tego, że odnosi się ono do różnych emocji (relacji o charakterze pozytywnym i opresyjnym), że dotyczy zróżnicowanych aktorów (ludzie, zwierzęta, rośliny i inne byty), że nie jest statyczne, ale dynamiczne. Badamy, jak – o ile w ogóle – to pojęcie mieściło się w klasycznych socjologiach: Émila Durkheima czy Herberta Spencera. Wskazujemy, że analizowanie relacji międzygatunkowych wymaga holistycznego i biocentrycznego (wręcz planetarnego) ujmowania świata,w którym uwzględnia się tak dyskurs naukowy, jak i pozanaukowy. Takie podejście pozwala na odnajdywanie pokrewieństwa (kinship) między bytami.