The electric vehicle (EV) market in Pakistan faces a blend of challenges and opportunities as it transitions towards a more sustainable future. The transport sector, a significant consumer of carbon-intensive fuels (gasoline, diesel, CNG), contributes substantially to global GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. In Pakistan, the shift to EVs is driven by the need to curtail the high cost of imported fossil fuels and the need to reduce carbon emissions. In this backdrop, this study conducts a market assessment of major challenges and opportunities that exist for EV uptake while also developing decarbonization pathways through scenario-based modeling using the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP). Through a mixed-method approach, this study reveals that the key hurdles include the lack of charging infrastructure, the high costs of EVs, limited domestic production, and insufficient public awareness. Overcoming these challenges requires coordinated efforts in policymaking, infrastructure development, and public education. The successful adoption of EVs promises enhanced energy security, reduced environmental impacts, and economic benefits through decreased oil imports and lower operational costs.

Economic stability of a country is critically driven by the outlook of its energy sector. This study discusses the range of organic materals than can be used to produce energy in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Gross potential of Forestry products, livestocks and agricultural crops are estimated using Bio-IRENA simulator. Complete cycle from biomass feedstock to energy end use is considered to evaluate the assistance of these products in CHPs (combined heat and power plants), electricity and transport sector of the country. The aim of this study is to understand the gross potential of energy generation through biomass. Although utilizing every single grain and plant in energy sector of the country is not feasible, this study shows that using only a small quantity can provide a sustainable future. The results of the simulator shows that forestry products alone can supply gross electricity of more than 150 TWh. Considering Pakistan's annual consumption of 452 kWh/capita, it can supply energy to more than 5% of our entire population. Livestock will not only provide energy but will also result in reducing the carbon emissions due to waste to a large extent Similarly, agricultural products can be cultivated along marginal lands of AJK. This will also result in energy generation along with revitalization of soil.

The global steel industry emits 1.92 tons of CO₂ per ton of output and faces urgent pressure to decarbonize. In Pakistan, the sector accounts for 0.29 tons of CO₂ per ton of output, with limited mitigation frameworks in place. Green hydrogen (GH2)-based steelmaking offers a strategic pathway toward decarbonization. However, realizing its potential depends on access to renewable energy. Despite Pakistan’s substantial technical wind potential of 340 GW, grid limitations currently restrict wind power to only 4% of national electricity generation. This study explores GH₂ production through sector coupling and power wheeling, repurposing curtailed wind energy from Sindh to supply Karachi’s steel industry, and proposing a phased roadmap for GH, enabling fossil fuel substitution, industrial resilience, and alignment with global carbon-border regulations.

In the backdrop of COVID19 recovery, Pakistan is still struggling to cope with the economic challenges and disruptions caused in the energy supply chain. On one hand where COVID has brought serious socio-economic costs and prolonged delays, it has also provided opportunity for developing countries such as Pakistan to “build-forward-better” their economies in a more sustainable and climate friendly manner. This study particularly highlights the impact of COVID on energy supply and demand sectors of Pakistan, its near- and long-term impacts, and what policy interventions can be adopted to put Pakistan on-track to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The economic focus in on “Green Recovery” and what key interventions will foster a rapid transition towards decarbonization in Pakistan. Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) model is used to provide energy sector outlook (2020-2040) of Pakistan under different scenario i.e., Pre COVID growth, Business-as-Usual, Slow Recovery, and Green Recovery from COVID. The results obtained from the model depicts that following a green recovery scenario, Pakistan can reduce around 10 Mtoe (9%) of its total energy use, 53 TWh of electricity, 19 Mt of emissions from demand sectors, and 11 Mt of emissions from the power sector by 2030. For total levelized cost of the power sector, the green recovery scenario represents a generation cost of $13 billion by 2030 which further highlights that energy efficiency could lead to cost savings of approximately $3 billion each year by 2030. Green recovery is however still a daunting task as it would require economic stimulus of $8 billion only to recover to its pre COVID scenario and total investments of $120 billion by 2030.

The cement industry accounts for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with Pakistan’s industry emitting 8.9 million tons annually. Existing decarbonization efforts are insufficient due to technological and policy constraints. CCS presents several challenges, including high costs and energy requirements, as well as advanced monitoring requirements. Policy challenges include the lack of clear regulatory frameworks and incentives for CCS deployment. This study uses scenario analysis with the Low-Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) to investigate the viability of CCS in meeting Pakistan’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and net-zero targets. According to the results, CCS has the potential to reduce emissions by 18 Mt under the NDC scenario and attain net-zero status by 2050; however, it will require robust policy support, infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks.

This study aims to analyze the existing market status of lighting technologies in Pakistan, the existing policy and regulatory framework, and the key driving factors which have led to the market growth of LED technology in both rural and urban areas. The results obtained from an extensive survey backed by the literature on the policy landscape of energy efficiency showed that LED technology has penetrated approximately 95% of the existing market. With a low payback period and high return rates, the entire transition toward LED lighting can lower mercury pollution by 700 kg, lower carbon dioxide by 33,000 kt, and save USD 6.5 billion in the form of electricity bills. This transition has been mainly driven by the low cost of technology resulting from regulatory support in the form of the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPs), labeling schemes, and reduced taxation on both sales and manufacturing.