This study aims to analyze the existing market status of lighting technologies in Pakistan, the existing policy and regulatory framework, and the key driving factors which have led to the market growth of LED technology in both rural and urban areas. The results obtained from an extensive survey backed by the literature on the policy landscape of energy efficiency showed that LED technology has penetrated approximately 95% of the existing market. With a low payback period and high return rates, the entire transition toward LED lighting can lower mercury pollution by 700 kg, lower carbon dioxide by 33,000 kt, and save USD 6.5 billion in the form of electricity bills. This transition has been mainly driven by the low cost of technology resulting from regulatory support in the form of the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPs), labeling schemes, and reduced taxation on both sales and manufacturing.

Regarding the bridging of the existing gap around the economic assessment of waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion technologies in Pakistan, this study performs a techno-economic assessment of energy generation through both the thermal and biochemical processes. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) serves as the fundamental parameter for analyzing the economic viability of these processes and their comparison with other energy generation processes. Based on the results, essential components of a bioenergy supply chain have been identified, through which the levelized cost can be lowered significantly. Furthermore, it has been defined as: What should be the role of key stakeholders for mobilizing the finance towards the bioenergy infrastructure development in Pakistan?