The argan (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) ecosystem is severely degrading in arid and semi-arid lands due to climate change, particularly in terms of density loss and reforestation failure. Thus, it is important to adopt innovative effective sustainable practices to optimize the densification and reforestation success of the argan tree. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the combined effect of subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) and the use of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on edaphic, growth, physiological and biochemical parameters of field-grown argan seedlings in the Essaouira region, Morocco. In this experiment, one-year-old argan seedlings were transplanted in the absence and presence of biodegradable plastic and AMF. Our findings revealed that the application of SWRT enhanced soil profile moisture up to 640% at 40 cm depth compared to the control. The combination of this technology with AMF also improved soil fertility. Furthermore, the application of SWRT, with or without AMF, significantly enhanced argan seedling height (208 and 168%, respectively), stomatal conductance (54 and 33%, respectively), and chlorophyll fluorescence (21 and 20%, respectively). Similarly, the combined application of SWRT and AMF significantly improved protein and sugar content (36 and 57%, respectively), as well as antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and chlorophyll pigments content compared to the control. However, this treatment reduced malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ content in the argan leaves. As a summary, SWRT technology combined with AMF may be used as a valuable strategy to promote the success of argan reforestation and to limit soil erosion and desertification in arid and semi-arid climates.

The endemic Moroccan species Argania spinosa is considered the most grazed tree species in its distribution area. Since grazing exerts an important effect on plant performances, we attempted to explore the impact of grazing on A. spinosa. Thus, we performed a comparative field experiment where seasonal variations of gas exchange, photochemical efficiency, relative water content, photosynthetic pigment content, and stomatal features were assessed in grazed and ungrazed trees. The net photosynthetic rate was increased in grazed trees in spring and autumn, the favorable seasons. Enhancement of photosynthetic performance may be due to the high stomatal conductance registered in grazed trees. This mechanism may compensate for the lost leaf area, in order to recover from grazing stress. In addition, grazed trees exhibit a better photochemical efficiency, use water more economically and show lower oxidative stress. However, results obtained in summer show that the compensation mechanism could be limited by summer drought. Since the key to preserving the future of forests is sustainable forest management, our results suggest that proper grazing management can be a control tool to increase plant performance and improve species resilience.

Lianas are woody climbing plants and are thought to impact the hosting trees negatively. Ephedra altissima is a liana rising on the Moroccan endemic tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. In this study, our objective was to investigate the impact of the liana on the Argan tree’s physiology and leaf morphology. For that purpose, we compared gas exchange, relative water content, photosynthetic pigment content, and leaf dry mass per unit area of Argan trees associated and not associated with the liana. Our study on individual leaves does not give evidence of the existence or absence of aboveground competition between the liana and the hosting tree. Indeed, photosynthetic rates may suggest that no aboveground competition is occurring. In contrast, pigment content suggests a shading effect of the liana on the hosting tree during the winter season. Otherwise, Argan associated with the liana exhibited a high Chl a/b ratio at the beginning of the dry season, suggesting a belowground competition for nutrient resources. On the other hand, WUEi results indicate that the impact of the liana on the Argan tree may go through seasons with belowground competition for water during spring. The increased LMA values registered in trees associated with the lianasuggest the existence of belowground competition for nutrient resources that persist throughout the year.

Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an ecological pillar of the arid zones of South-West Morocco, currently threatened by the drastic climate change. This study investigates the effect of the combined application of compost (C) and subsurface water retention technology (SWRT) on field performances of one-(1Y) and two-year-old (2Y) argan seedlings. A randomized field trial was performed with four treatments: Control, C, SWRT, and C + SWRT. We evaluated soil properties, growth, and physiology, alongside biochemical parameters including stress markers, compatible solutes, antioxidant enzyme activities, and secondary metabolites. The results reveal the significant effect of C and/or SWRT on argan seedlings performances, particularly in 1Y subjects. The C + SWRT strongly stimulated stem elongation (246% vs. 163%), stomatal conductance (75% vs. 99%), photosynthetic efficiency (18% vs. 11%), and chlorophyll a content (80% vs. 65%) in 1Y and 2Y seedlings, respectively, compared to their corresponding controls. Under the same treatment, malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced by 37% in 1Y seedlings and 23% in 2Y seedlings. In addition, catalase activity and soluble sugar, protein, and polyphenol content increased by 38, 43, 26, and 21%, respectively, in the younger seedlings and by 53, 51, 18, and 19%, respectively, in the elder seedlings. In terms of soil health, C + SWRT significantly enhanced total organic carbon and matter, available phosphorus, and reduced electrical conductivity. In summary, the C + SWRT application significantly improved argan plant performances, with a particularly marked effect on 1Y seedlings, which makes this combination an alternative solution to enhance the resilience of the argan tree in the era of climate change and promote the success of the reforestation program.

Climate warming and land degradation are reshaping Mediterranean and semi-arid ecosystems, yet their combined effects remain poorly quantified in North Africa. Using four Landsat reference epochs spanning 1984–2024, and four spectral/thermal indices (NDVI, EVI, NDMI, LST), we assessed vegetation dynamics and eco-climatic resilience of Tetraclinis articulata ecosystems in Morocco. Four study sites (Stehat, Merchouch, Tamanar, and Amskroud) distributed along a latitudinal gradient from the northern to southern limits of the species’ Moroccan range were chosen and analyzed. Results reveal a generalized decline in vegetation cover, strongly coupled with increasing land surface temperatures, with threshold-like patterns emerging above 74–75 °C that lead to a rapid reduction in NDVI. The northern site (Stehat) exhibited partial recovery, likely supported by local schist aquifers, whereas the arid southern sites (Tamanar and Amskroud) experienced near-total biomass loss and reduced climate buffering. Moisture indices limited hydrological mediation and suggest that shallow soil water availability constrains T. articulata functioning, amplifying vulnerability under recurrent warming. These findings demonstrate how local edaphic and hydrological conditions modulate the impacts of global change and provide early warning indicators of heightened vulnerability and potential threshold-like behavior in drylands. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted management strategies to sustain ecosystem resilience under accelerating climate stress.