To meet the expanding energy demand, all available energy sources must be utilized. Renewable energies are both eternal and natural, but their major downside is their inconsistency. Due to the rising costs of fossil fuels and the CO₂ they emit, hybrid renewable energy (HRE) sources have gained popularity as an alternative in remote and rural areas. To address this issue, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can be developed by combining several energy sources. In order to build modern electrical grids that have advantages for the economy, environment, and society, the hybrid system is preferable. A summary of various optimization methods (modeling techniques) of an HRES is presented in this paper. This study offers an in-depth analysis of the best sizing, control methodologies, and energy management strategies, along with the incorporation of various renewable energy sources to form a hybrid system. Modern hybrid renewable energy system utilities rely more on an optimal design to reduce the cost function. Reviews of several mathematical models put out by various academicians are presented in this work. These models were created based on reliability analyses incorporating design factors, objective functions, and economics. The reader will get familiar with numerous system modelling optimization strategies after reading this study, and they will be able to compare different models based on their cost functions. Numerous modeling approaches and software simulation tools have been created to aid stakeholders in the planning, research, and development of HRES. The optimal use of renewable energy potential and the meticulous creation of applicable designs are closely tied to the full analysis of these undoubtedly complicated systems. In this field, as well, several optimization restrictions and objectives have been applied. Overall, the optimization, sizing, and control of HRES are covered in this paper with the energy management strategies.

An effective MPPT approach plays a significant role in increasing the efficiency of a PV system. Solar energy is a rich renewable energy source that is supplied to the earth in surplus by the sun. Solar PV systems are designed to utilize sunlight in order to meet the energy needs of the user. Due to unreliable climatic conditions, these PV frames have a non-linear characteristic that has a significant impact on their yield. Moreover, PSCs also affect the performance of PV systems in yielding maximum power. A significant progression in solar PV installations has resulted in rapid growth of MPPT techniques. As a result, a variety of MPPT approaches have been used to enhance the power yield of PV systems along with their advantages and disadvantages. Thus, it is essential for researchers to appraise developed MPPT strategies appropriately on regular basis. This study is novel because it provides an in-depth assessment of the current state of MPPT strategies for PV systems. On account of novelty, the authors analyzed the successive growth in MPPT strategies along with working principles, mathematical modeling, and simplified flow charts for better understanding by new learners. Moreover, the taxonomy and pro and cons of conventional and AI-based MPPT techniques are explored comprehensively. In addition, a comparative study based on key characteristics of PV system of all MPPT algorithms is depicted in a table, which can be used as a reference by various researchers while designing PV systems.

One of the most significant ways to improve energy reliability and lessen reliance on fossil fuels is to combine renewable energy sources with energy storage systems. Using wind, solar, and battery storage as case studies, the article examines hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) size, optimization, techno-economic potential, and reliability in extensive detail. In order to minimize expenses and emissions while satisfying energy demands, the sizing process consists of evaluating the appropriate capacity of each component. In order to tackle the growing demand with a low carbon footprint, this study investigates the prospect of leveraging hybrid renewable energy (HRE) storage. System demands, budget, and performance indicators are some of the most critical considerations when selecting an energy storage system (ESS) for a renewable energy system. Whether or not the storage option is appropriate for HRE systems depends on the setup requirements. The selection of an ESS technology necessitates taking into account aspects like energy and power requirements, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, versatility, and reliability. The investigation also considers factors such as electricity long-term viability, dependability, technical and financial feasibility, and ecological sustainability when evaluating hybrid renewable energy power-producing technologies. Improving dependability and smoothing down power output are two major benefits of ESS integration. The findings show that integrating HRES with ESS can lead to more sustainable energy systems, providing a long-term, reliable, and cost-effective solution. Findings emphasize the need for further study of optimization methods, meta-heuristic algorithm strategies, system components, design constraints, and desired techniques.

This paper demonstrates the investigation of the acquired outcomes from consistent information observing a 467.2 kWp solar photovoltaic (SPV) framework commissioned on the roofs of three separate high-rise buildings, which are located at the location of 26.9585° N and 80.9992° E. Onside real-time performance for this system was investigated for three years, 2018–2020; this system contains 1460 SPV panels of 320 Wp each, having 20 PV panels per string, 09 DC/AC power conditioning units (PCU), and a SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system for monitoring the other necessary parts of a grid-interactive SPV system. The outcomes of the different buildings are compared with each other to analyze the power output at the same input conditions. Hardware components of the plants with approximately the same ratings (P₂ ~ 108.8 kWp + P₃ ~ 128 kWp) are compared (with P₁ ~ 230.4 kWp). Simulation modeling of the year 2020 in PVsyst tool for generated energy, Performance Ratio (PR), and Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) are carried out additionally and compared with the installed rooftop grid-interactive SPV system of 467.2 kWp (~P₁ + P₂ + P₃) at the site. Numerous performance parameters such as array efficiency, inverter efficiency, system efficiency, Performance Ratio (PR), and Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) of the plant are evaluated and compared with already installed systems in different regions of the world. These points demonstrate great feedback to framework architects, workers, designers, and energy suppliers regarding the genuine limit and plausibility of the framework they can offer to clients. Moreover, one of the environmental benefits of the SPV plant is that the 467.2 kWp PV framework reduces the tremendous measure of CO₂, SO₂, and NO_X that is discharged into the air.