Breast cancer diagnosis from histopathology images is often time consuming and prone to human error, impacting treatment and prognosis. Deep learning diagnostic methods offer the potential for improved accuracy and efficiency in breast cancer detection and classification. However, they struggle with limited data and subtle variations within and between cancer types. Attention mechanisms provide feature refinement capabilities that have shown promise in overcoming such challenges. To this end, this paper proposes the Efficient Channel Spatial Attention Network (ECSAnet), an architecture built on EfficientNetV2 and augmented with a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) and additional fully connected layers. ECSAnet was fine-tuned using the BreakHis dataset, employing Reinhard stain normalization and image augmentation techniques to minimize overfitting and enhance generalizability. In testing, ECSAnet outperformed AlexNet, DenseNet121, EfficientNetV2-S, InceptionNetV3, ResNet50, and VGG16 in most settings, achieving accuracies of 94.2% at 40×, 92.96% at 100×, 88.41% at 200×, and 89.42% at 400× magnifications. The results highlight the effectiveness of CBAM in improving classification accuracy and the importance of stain normalization for generalizability.

Background: Dental care has been transformed by neural networks, introducing advanced methods for improving patient outcomes. By leveraging technological innovation, dental informatics aims to enhance treatment and diagnostic processes. Early diagnosis of dental problems is crucial, as it can substantially reduce dental disease incidence by ensuring timely and appropriate treatment. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) within dental informatics is a pivotal tool that has applications across all dental specialties. This systematic literature review aims to comprehensively summarize existing research on AI implementation in dentistry. It explores various techniques used for detecting oral features such as teeth, fillings, caries, prostheses, crowns, implants, and endodontic treatments. AI plays a vital role in the diagnosis of dental diseases by enabling precise and quick identification of issues that may be difficult to detect through traditional methods. Its ability to analyze large volumes of data enhances diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, leading to better patient outcomes. Methods: An extensive search was conducted across a number of databases, including Science Direct, PubMed (MEDLINE), arXiv.org, MDPI, Nature, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library. Results: The studies included in this review employed a wide range of neural networks, showcasing their versatility in detecting the dental categories mentioned above. Additionally, the use of diverse datasets underscores the adaptability of these AI models to different clinical scenarios. This study highlights the compatibility, robustness, and heterogeneity among the reviewed studies. This indicates that AI technologies can be effectively integrated into current dental practices. The review also discusses potential challenges and future directions for AI in dentistry. It emphasizes the need for further research to optimize these technologies for broader clinical applications. Conclusions: By providing a detailed overview of AI’s role in dentistry, this review aims to inform practitioners and researchers about the current capabilities and future potential of AI-driven dental care, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and more efficient dental practices.

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and chronic diseases worldwide. Dental X-ray radiography is considered a standard tool and a valuable resource for radiologists to identify dental diseases and problems that are hard to recognize by visual inspection alone. However, the available dental panoramic image datasets are extremely limited and only include a small number of images. U-Net is one of the deep learning networks that are showing promising performance in medical image segmentation. In this work, different U-Net models are applied to dental panoramic X-ray images to detect caries lesions. The Detection, Numbering, and Segmentation Panoramic Images (DNS) dataset, which includes 1500 panoramic X-ray images obtained from Ivisionlab, is used in this experiment. The major objective of this work is to extend the DNS Panoramic Images dataset by detecting the cavities in the panoramic image and generating the binary ground truth of this image to use as the ground truth for the evaluation of models. These ground truths are revised by experts to ensure their robustness and correctness. Firstly, we expand the Panoramic Images (DNS) dataset by detecting the cavities in the panoramic images and generating the images’ binary ground truth. Secondly, we apply U-Net, U-Net++ and U-Net3+ to the expanded DNS dataset to learn the hierarchical features and to enhance the cavity boundary. The results show that U-Net3+ outperforms the other versions of U-Net with 95% in testing accuracy.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a significant and serious challenge associated with diabetes. It is estimated that approximately one third of individuals with diabetes will develop DFUs at some point in their lives. This common complication can lead to serious health issues if not properly managed. The early diagnosis and treatment of DFUs are crucial to prevent severe complications, including lower limb amputation. DFUs can be categorized into two states: ischemia and infection. Accurate classification is required to avoid misdiagnosis due to the similarities between these two states. Several convolutional neural network (CNN) models have been used and pre-trained through transfer learning. These models underwent evaluation with hyperparameter tuning for the binary classification of different states of DFUs, such as ischemia and infection. This study aimed to develop an effective classification system for DFUs using CNN models and machine learning classifiers utilizing various CNN models, such as EfficientNetB0, DenseNet121, ResNet101, VGG16, InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and InceptionResNetV2, due to their excellent performance in diverse computer vision tasks. Additionally, the head model functions as the ultimate component for making decisions in the model, utilizing data collected from preceding layers to make precise predictions or classifications. The results of the CNN models with the suggested head model have been used in different machine learning classifiers to determine which ones are most effective for enhancing the performance of each CNN model. The most optimal outcome in categorizing ischemia is a 97% accuracy rate. This was accomplished by integrating the suggested head model with the EfficientNetB0 model and inputting the outcomes into the logistic regression classifier. The EfficientNetB0 model, with the proposed modifications and by feeding the outcomes to the AdaBoost classifier, attains an accuracy of 93% in classifying infections.

In the domain of action recognition using multisensory data, the integration of RGB and sig-nal-based modalities offers a promising approach to enhance the accuracy of action classification systems. Our system was developed through experimentation on three benchmark datasets: UTD-MHAD (University of Texas at Dallas Multimodal Human Action Dataset), HWU-USP and LaRa. Initially, the data undergoes preprocessing, where gaussian and butterworth filters are applied to the RGB and signal data, respectively. Following this, windowing/segmentation is applied to signals and RGB data. After that, features are extracted from the signal data, including auto-regression, MFCC (Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients), and transient detection principle, while the RGB (Red Green Blue) was processed as a combined input to extract features such as angles, velocity, full-body elliptical modeling, fiducial points, and a 2.5D point cloud of the entire body. These features are then fused, followed by the application of the Yeo-Johnson power optimizer to refine the data. The optimized data is subsequently classified using a Neurofuzzy classifier to recognize different actions. This classifier is chosen for its ability to adapt to the heterogeneous nature of multimodal data, where features are spread across different domains, making traditional classifiers less effective. The Neurofuzzy model employs cross-validation for training and testing to ensure reliable results. The results also suggest that the proposed model yields a higher accuracy than the existing models. More specifically, in the HWU-USP dataset, the accuracy amounts to mean 89%, in the LaRa, to mean 91% and 88% over the UTD-MHAD dataset. The system under study effectively distinguishes related actions, but its efficiency is hindered by the complexity of individual actions and the increased noise in the dataset.

In the realm of intelligent transportation systems, vehicle detection and classification stand as pivotal tasks. An effective traffic monitoring system should be capable of detecting, counting, and categorizing moving vehicles. Vehicle classification is a crucial task that can offer insights into road users and help make decisions to reduce congestion, for instance. This paper delves into advanced methodologies for detecting and classifying vehicles on roadways, addressing the limitations of traditional techniques that are often computationally intensive and data acquisition-sensitive. We propose a novel approach that leverages state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning algorithms to enhance accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model comprises five stages. Initially, all images undergo preprocessing to reduce noise and enhance brightness. In the second stage, the foreground elements are extracted using segmentation techniques. The YOLOv8 algorithm is then used to process these segmented images to identify the vehicles inside them. Next, in the feature extraction phase, the detected vehicles are analyzed using Maximally Stable Estimated Features (MSER), Geometric features and Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK) features. We employ the Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) classifier for classification. Experimental results from two datasets demonstrate superior performance, with the model achieving an accuracy of 0.94% on the BITVehicle dataset and 0.98% on the Vehicle-OpenImage dataset. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted, showcasing the model’s performance against the latest techniques in the field.