Thyroid cancer’s incidence has increased in the last decades, and its diagnosis can be a challenge. Further and complementary testing based in biochemical alterations may be important to correctly identify thyroid cancer and prevent unnecessary surgery. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a metabolomic technique that has already shown promising results in cancer metabolome analysis of neoplastic thyroid tissue, in the identification and classification of prostate tumor tissues and of breast carcinoma, among others. This work aims to gather and discuss published information on the ability of FTIR spectroscopy to be used in metabolomic studies of the thyroid, including discriminating between benign and malignant thyroid samples and grading and classifying different types of thyroid tumors.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on blood glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Subjects and methods: Retrospective cohort study including 462 women with GDM and singleton pregnancy delivered in our institution between January 2015 and June 2018 and grouped according to BMI/GWG. Results: The diagnosis of GDM was more likely to be established in the 1st trimester (T) in women with [...] ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on blood glucose levels at diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obstetric/neonatal outcomes. Subjects and methods: Retrospective cohort study including 462 women with GDM and singleton pregnancy delivered in our institution between January 2015 and June 2018 and grouped according to BMI/GWG. Results: The diagnosis of GDM was more likely to be established in the 1st trimester (T) in women with

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has the ADA risk-assessment tool for cardiovascular risk (CVR) prediction in individuals with T1D. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of novel and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and the CVR by the ADA risk-assessment tool: 10-year risk for diabetes complications in young adults with T1D. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study of T1D individuals aged 18-40 years and T1D duration ≥1 year. The ADA risk-assessment tool was applied to predict CVR. Results: 75 individuals, 61.3% male, with a median age of 30 (26.0-36.0) and 13.0 (6.0-20.0) years of T1D duration. Hypertension was found in 16% of individuals and dyslipidemia in 75.0%. 21.3% were active smokers, 30.7% sedentary, and 42.7% were at least overweight. Most individuals had a 10-year risk <1% for all complications except myocardial infarction (MI). In individuals who were outside the honeymoon period (T1D duration ≥ 5 years), most had a 10-year risk <1% for all complications except MI and amputation. Non-traditional CVRF homocysteine, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio, magnesium, and vitamin D correlated with the ADA risk-assessment tool. 10-year risk for MI ≥1% was significantly more frequent in men. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the ADA risk-assessment tool: 10-year risk for diabetes complications in T1D. Young adults with T1D have a worrying prevalence of CVRF and show suboptimal control. Most individuals with T1D duration ≥1 year have an estimated 10-year risk <1% for all complications, except for MI.

Introduction: Many studies have shown an association between decreased serum magnesium (Mg) levels and poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Few studies evaluated the association between magnesium (Mg) levels and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Retrospective study of adults with T1D, with an ophthalmological evaluation and a serum Mg level determination. According to Mg levels, the individuals were stratified into two groups: normal Mg levels (1.81-2.60 mg/dL) and low Mg levels (≤1.80 mg/dL). Exclusion criteria were individuals on diuretics or proton-pump inhibitors, malabsorption or diarrhea, oral magnesium supplementation in the recent past, pregnancy, or sepsis. Results: 105 individuals, with median Mg levels of 1.96 (interquartile range 0.23) mg/dL. Hypomagnesemia (≤1.80 mg/dL) was detected in 20.0% individuals and 26.7% had DR. Individuals with hypomagnesemia had higher HbA1c (p = 0.014) and triglycerides (p = 0.024). Mg levels were negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.200, p = 0.041), HbA1c (r = -0.281, p = 0.004) and body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.197, p = 0.041). There was no significant difference between Mg levels or prevalence of hypomagnesemia in individuals with or without DR. Also, there was no significant difference between Mg levels and the severity of DR. Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is a common problem in adults with T1D, and it was correlated with poor glycemic control, although we did not find a significant association between Mg levels and prevalence or severity of DR.

The natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) is influenced by the underlying etiology, being the most common Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and isolated hyperthyrotropinemia (IH). Additionally, controversy exists surrounding the need for pharmacological treatment. A retrospective observational study that included patients diagnosed with SHT caused by HT or IH at pediatric age, under levothyroxine therapy and with follow-up at Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga between January/2014 and July/2019. Patients with follow-up time <12 months or missing records were excluded. This study aims to compare clinical, analytical and echographic parameters and levothyroxine dose between patients with SHT caused by HT or IH. Sample of 39 patients with 16.5 ± 3.4 years, 22 (56.4%) females. There was a preponderance of females in the HT group and males in the IH (p=0.001). Changes in thyroid ultrasound were more prevalent in the HT group (85.7% vs 16.7%, p<0.001). The median initial and final doses of levothyroxine were higher in the HT group (p=0.016, p=0.011). There was a trend towards a higher levothyroxine discontinuation rate in the IH group (22.2% vs 4.8%, p=0.162). Two positive and statistically significant correlations were found between the level of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and both the final levothyroxine dose (ρ=0.544; p=0.004) and the final weight-adjusted levothyroxine dose (ρ=0.434; p=0.027). HT was more common in females and was associated with higher levothyroxine requirements and less likelihood of treatment discontinuation, especially if high TPOAbs levels. These results can be useful in the difficult daily decision of starting therapy, especially in milder forms of SHT.