Background: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) represents a growing concern in the context of metabolic disorders, particularly among individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MASLD among newly diagnosed T2DM patients and identify the risk factors for MASLD in this population. Methods: This prospective study included 128 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM between January 2022 and June 2023. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference), and laboratory data (glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, ALT, AST, creatinine, platelet count) were collected. MASLD was diagnosed based on ultrasonographic evidence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor after excluding other causes. Linear regression models were used to determine independent predictors. Results: MASLD was detected in 80.4% of patients. Compared with the MASLD (−) group, the MASLD (+) group had significantly higher ALT (47.1 ± 23 U/L vs. 24.9 ± 8 U/L, p < 0.001) and non-HDL cholesterol (189 ± 57 mg/dL vs. 167 ± 28 mg/dL, p = 0.047). Spearman correlation showed positive associations of MASLD severity with waist circumference, LDL cholesterol, and platelet count. ALT and BMI were independently associated with MASLD in linear regression analysis. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant prevalence of MASLD in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, emphasizing the relevance of early detection in addressing this common comorbidity in the diabetic population.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with altered body composition, including increased fat accumulation and potential reductions in muscle quality. Sarcopenic obesity—a condition marked by simultaneous muscle degradation and adiposity—is of growing concern in OSAS populations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study evaluating thoracoabdominal CT scans of 71 OSAS patients and 34 age- and sex-matched controls. Erector spinae muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat were measured at the L1 vertebral level. Associations with clinical markers such as BMI, CRP, and oxygen saturation were examined. Results: OSAS patients had significantly greater muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat compared to controls (p < 0.01). Muscle thickness was positively correlated with BMI and waist circumference but inversely associated with CRP and oxygen saturation. Despite structural hypertrophy, these findings suggest impaired muscle quality and support the presence of sarcopenic obesity in OSAS. Conclusions: CT-based imaging provides valuable structural insights but may overestimate muscle function, particularly in obese OSAS patients. These results highlight the need to integrate imaging with functional assessments to accurately diagnose sarcopenia and guide individualized management strategies.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential splenic tissue damage induced by radiotherapy (RT) and the potential protective effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine on this damage at the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical levels. Materials and Methods: In our study, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, Radiotherapy (RT; 8 Gy), RT + Dexmedetomidine 100 µg/kg (RT-D100), and RT + Dexmedetomidine 200 µg/kg (RT-D200). A single dose of 8 Gy radiotherapy was administered to each RT group. Spleen tissues were examined histologically with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically with anti-Caspase-3, anti-TGF-β1, and anti-TGF-β3 using light microscopy. TBARS and total thiol levels were also analyzed to assess oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. Results: Histopathological results showed a significant decrease in white pulp diameter, decreased cellular density, and increased congestion in the red pulp in the RT group. Significant fibrosis, sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization, and amyloid deposition were detected in the white pulp in the RT group. Regarding anti-caspase-3 immunoreactivity, strong positivity increased in the red pulp in the RT group, while a significant increase was observed in the white pulp in both the RT-D100 and RT groups. While the proportion of TGF-β1 immunopositive cells did not change significantly in the RT group, they increased significantly in both dexmedetomidine groups (especially RT-D200). TGF-β3 expression increased significantly only in the RT-D100 group. In biochemical analyses, TBARS levels increased significantly in the RT-D100 group. Total thiol levels decreased in the RT group and increased in the dexmedetomidine-treated groups. Conclusions: While RT caused histopathological damage and increased oxidative stress in spleen tissue, dexmedetomidine reduced this damage in a dose-dependent manner. The different immunohistochemical profiles of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 suggest that these cytokines may have different functions in the spleen. 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine stimulates a regenerative response through TGF-β3, while 200 µg/kg dexmedetomidine may provide immune regulation and antioxidative defense through TGF-β1.

Background/Objectives: Estimating mortality risk in older adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) is challenging because risk is shaped by comorbidity burden, frailty, and systemic inflammation. We examined the individual and combined prognostic contributions of the Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) to 30-day mortality. Methods: This prospective observational cohort included 326 adults aged ≥65 years evaluated in a tertiary ED from September 2025 through April 2026. CCI, CFS, and SII were assessed at admission, with SII analyzed after logarithmic transformation [ln(SII)]. Associations with 30-day mortality were examined using logistic regression. Discriminative performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the integrated model underwent bootstrap internal validation and calibration assessment. Results: Thirty-day mortality occurred in 60 patients (18.4%). CCI, CFS, and ln(SII) were each independently associated with mortality in the integrated multivariable model (all p < 0.05). Individual AUCs were 0.741 for CCI, 0.703 for CFS, and 0.662 for ln(SII), with CCI showing the highest value. The integrated model achieved the highest observed discrimination (AUC 0.793; optimism-corrected AUC 0.783) and showed acceptable internal calibration (Brier score 0.127; bootstrap-corrected calibration intercept 0.003; calibration slope 0.957). Conclusions: Comorbidity burden, frailty, and systemic inflammation each provided independent prognostic information for 30-day mortality in older ED patients. Although CCI was the strongest individual predictor, the integrated model achieved the highest observed discrimination. However, its incremental benefit over some two-predictor models was modest and not statistically significant.