Background: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) represents a growing concern in the context of metabolic disorders, particularly among individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MASLD among newly diagnosed T2DM patients and identify the risk factors for MASLD in this population. Methods: This prospective study included 128 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM between January 2022 and June 2023. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference), and laboratory data (glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, ALT, AST, creatinine, platelet count) were collected. MASLD was diagnosed based on ultrasonographic evidence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor after excluding other causes. Linear regression models were used to determine independent predictors. Results: MASLD was detected in 80.4% of patients. Compared with the MASLD (−) group, the MASLD (+) group had significantly higher ALT (47.1 ± 23 U/L vs. 24.9 ± 8 U/L, p < 0.001) and non-HDL cholesterol (189 ± 57 mg/dL vs. 167 ± 28 mg/dL, p = 0.047). Spearman correlation showed positive associations of MASLD severity with waist circumference, LDL cholesterol, and platelet count. ALT and BMI were independently associated with MASLD in linear regression analysis. Conclusions: This study underscores the significant prevalence of MASLD in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, emphasizing the relevance of early detection in addressing this common comorbidity in the diabetic population.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with altered body composition, including increased fat accumulation and potential reductions in muscle quality. Sarcopenic obesity—a condition marked by simultaneous muscle degradation and adiposity—is of growing concern in OSAS populations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study evaluating thoracoabdominal CT scans of 71 OSAS patients and 34 age- and sex-matched controls. Erector spinae muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat were measured at the L1 vertebral level. Associations with clinical markers such as BMI, CRP, and oxygen saturation were examined. Results: OSAS patients had significantly greater muscle thickness and subcutaneous fat compared to controls (p < 0.01). Muscle thickness was positively correlated with BMI and waist circumference but inversely associated with CRP and oxygen saturation. Despite structural hypertrophy, these findings suggest impaired muscle quality and support the presence of sarcopenic obesity in OSAS. Conclusions: CT-based imaging provides valuable structural insights but may overestimate muscle function, particularly in obese OSAS patients. These results highlight the need to integrate imaging with functional assessments to accurately diagnose sarcopenia and guide individualized management strategies.

Aim: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation, both of which may affect bone metabolism, yet studies of OSA and bone mineral density (BMD) have produced inconsistent results. We examined whether OSA status and conventional polysomnographic indices of OSA severity and nocturnal oxygenation were associated with lumbar spine and total hip T-scores in postmenopausal women. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of 101 postmenopausal women with polysomnography (PSG) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) records; 40 had PSG-confirmed OSA and 61 were controls. Lumbar spine and total hip T-scores were the primary outcomes. The OSA and control groups were compared with linear regression adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI). Four conventional indices (apnea–hypopnea index [AHI], oxygen desaturation index [ODI], mean SpO₂, and minimum SpO₂) were each examined in a separate model adjusted for age and BMI. Extended models, which added calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone [PTH] and entered all four indices together, were treated as sensitivity analyses and were calculated. Results: Women with OSA were older than controls (63.9 ± 7.8 vs. 60.1 ± 7.2 years) and had a higher BMI (36.0 ± 7.0 vs. 30.6 ± 4.9 kg/m²). The unadjusted T-score differences were 0.28 (95% CI −0.30 to 0.86) at the lumbar spine and 0.11 (95% CI −0.34 to 0.56) at the total hip; neither was statistically significant. None of the indices were statistically significant in the extended models. The lumbar extended model was significant overall (p = 0.023), whereas the total hip model was not (p = 0.117). Conclusions: We found no statistically significant associations between the conventional indices and lumbar spine or total hip T-scores. The findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the modest sample size, possible overfitting and collinearity in the extended models, and the lack of data on cumulative hypoxic burden. They do not show that OSA has no effect on bone health. Because fractures were not assessed, these data cannot inform screening or fracture-risk decisions.