Traffic operation efficiency is greatly impacted by the increase in travel demand and the increase in vehicle ownership. The continued increase in traffic demand has rendered the importance of controlling traffic, especially at intersections. In general, the inefficiency of traffic scheduling leads to traffic congestion, resulting in a rise in fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, and poor quality of service. Various methods for time series forecasting have been proposed for adaptive and remote traffic control. The prediction of traffic has attracted profound attention for improving the reliability and efficiency of traffic flow scheduling while reducing congestion. Therefore, in this work, we studied the problem of the current traffic situation at Muhima Junction one of the busiest junctions in Kigali city. Future traffic rates were forecasted by employing long short-term memory (LSTM) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, respectively. Both the models’ performance criteria for adequacy were the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). The results revealed that LSTM is the best-fitting model for monthly traffic flow prediction. Within this analysis, we proposed an adaptive traffic flow prediction that builds on the features of vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and the Internet of Things (IoT) to control traffic while enhancing the quality of service at the junctions. The real-time actuation of traffic-responsive signal control can be assured when real-time traffic-based signal actuation is reliable.

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT), vehicles to infrastructure (V2I) communication and intelligent roadside units (RSU) are promising paradigms to improve road traffic safety. However, for the RSUs to communicate with the vehicles and transmit the data to the remote location, RSUs require enough power and good network quality. Recent advances in technology have improved lithium-ion battery capabilities. However, other complementary methodologies including battery management systems (BMS) have to be developed to provide an early warning sign of the battery’s state of health. In this paper, we have evaluated the impact of the received signal strength indication (RSSI) and the current consumption at different transmission frequencies on a static battery-based RSU that depends on the global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet radio services (GPRS). Machine learning (ML) models, for instance, Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were employed and tested on the collected data and later compared using the coefficient of determination ($R^2$). The models were used to predict the battery current consumption based on the RSSI of the location where the RSUs were imposed and the frequency at which the RSU transmits the data to the remote database. The RF was preferable to SVM for predicting current consumption with an $R^2$ of 98% and 94%, respectively. It is essential to accurately forecast the battery health of RSUs to assess their dependability and running time. The primary duty of the BMS is to estimate the status of the battery and its dynamic operating limits. However, achieving an accurate and robust battery state of charge remains a significant challenge. Referring to that can help road managers make alternative decisions, such as replacing the battery before the RSU power source gets drained. The proposed method can be deployed in other remote WSN and IoT-based applications.