This paper investigates the effects of different aging temperatures on the performance of asphalt binders through a comprehensive experimental procedure. Two kinds of asphalt binders with the same 70/100 penetration grade were used in this study. The two types of asphalt binders were short-term aged at three different temperatures: 123°C, 143°C, and 163°C. The short-term aged asphalt binders were long-term aged according to the standard pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests protocol. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were adopted to quantify the performance of asphalt binders under different aging conditions. The DSR results showed that different critical aging temperatures can be found for the two kinds of asphalt binders. The Superpave performance grading can reflect the viscoelastic property of asphalt binder, whereas penetration grading cannot do so in grading asphalt binder. The FTIR test results showed that the $I_{\mathrm{c}═\mathrm{o}}$ and $I_{\mathrm{s}═\mathrm{o}}$ bonds were good indicators to evaluate the aging effect of different temperatures. The correlation between $|G^{*}|$ and $I_{\mathrm{C}═\mathrm{O}}+I_{\mathrm{S}═\mathrm{O}}$ occurred for both asphalt binders under different aging conditions.