The rapid growth of obesity worldwide has made it a major health problem, while the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity has had a significant impact on the magnitude of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in developing countries. A vast amount of researchers have reported a strong relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease, and obesity can serve as an independent risk factor for kidney disease. The histological changes of kidneys in obesity-induced renal injury include glomerular or tubular hypertrophy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or bulbous sclerosis. Furthermore, inflammation, renal hemodynamic changes, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders are all involved in the development and progression of obesity-induced nephropathy. However, there is no targeted treatment for obesity-related kidney disease. In this review, RAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors and melatonin would be presented to treat obesity-induced kidney injury. Furthermore, we concluded that melatonin can protect the kidney damage caused by obesity by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, revealing its therapeutic potential.

To solve the problem of large-scale growth of wetland reeds, wood vinegar, a by-product of pyrolysed reed wood vinegar, can be used as a natural antimicrobial agent. In this study, we compare the changes in growth and bacterial morphology of Escherichia coli (E. coli) treated with reed wood vinegar at different pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C) and reveal the bacterial inhibition mechanism of reed wood vinegar by RNA-Seq. The results of bacteria inhibitory activity showed that 1/2MIC 500 °C wood vinegar had the most prominent bacteria inhibitory activity. qPCR results showed that reed wood vinegar was able to significantly inhibit the expression of E. coli biofilm and genes related to the cell membrane transporter proteins. Electron microscopy observed that the wood vinegar disrupted the cellular morphology of E. coli, resulting in the crumpling of E. coli cell membranes. RNA-Seq showed the multifaceted antimicrobial effects of wood vinegar and demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of wood vinegar on E. coli was mainly realized through the inhibition of the expression of malE, which is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex of E. coli. In conclusion, our study provides an effective method and a theoretical basis for the mechanism of reed wood vinegar as a natural antimicrobial agent and its pathway of bacterial inhibition.

Intestinal diseases are one of the diseases that affect the growth and immunity of deer. Currently, more lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are available as feed additives to improve the intestinal ecological balance of ruminants in production practices. In this study, Enterococcus faecalis was supplemented in the feed of fallow deer for 170 d, and body weights, blood indices and immune levels of fallow deer were counted at 35, 65 and 170 d. The effects of Enterococcus faecalis on the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of fallow deer were analysed using 16S rDNA and UPLC-MS/MS methods. The results showed that the addition of Enterococcus faecalis to the diet improved body weight and immune function and increased the aggregation of gut microbiota in fallow deer. The addition of Enterococcus faecalis altered the community structure of intestinal microorganisms in fallow deer and increased the number of beneficial bacteria. In addition, combined with metabolomics analysis, it was found that supplementation with Enterococcus faecalis significantly altered the metabolites of fallow deer, mainly regulating lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and phospholipid metabolism. In conclusion, this study presents, for the first time, evidence that the LAB strain Enterococcus faecalis can be used as a potential probiotic for deer and points to a new direction for the treatment of intestinal disorders in the deer family.

Background: Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type A is a major cause of enteritis in farmed and wild deer populations, leading to significant economic losses in the deer industry. This bacterium produces toxins that damage the intestine. Methods: In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis by establishing an intestinal circulation model of the intestines of fallow deer (Dama Dama) inoculated with C. perfringens type A versus those not inoculated with C. perfringens type A. In a further step, we determined the protein content of immunoinflammation-related molecules by ELISA and the antioxidant capacity of the intestine to investigate the molecular mechanisms of C. perfringens type A-induced enteritis. Results: Transcriptome analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to the haematopoietic system, oxidative stress, the immune system and intestinal tight junctions. Additionally, C. perfringens α-toxin enters the intestine and may be recognized by TLR6, activating the immune system, increasing the secretion of various cytokines and inflammasome components, inducing oxidative stress and damaging the intestine. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive transcriptomic basis for understanding the selective differential expression of genes in deer enteritis induced by C. perfringens type A and provides a broader guide for finding therapeutic approaches to deer enteritis.