Conducting safe coaching is essential for training police officers, who very often face a variety of unexpected and dangerous incidents. Their reaction to situations must be rapid and appropriate. To prepare officers for dangerous situations, but those that cannot be practiced in real life due to high costs, danger, time, or effort, virtual training seems to be the obvious choice. This article deals with the development of a calculation algorithm to assess the risk of actions taken on the site of a traffic incident, which was implemented into the training version of a virtual reality (VR) simulation. It includes a number of factors and elements that form a scenario of simulations that affect the degree of its difficulty and the assessment of the performance of each exercise. The different components of the algorithm that make it possible to assess the skills of the students of police specialist courses are presented. The acceptance criterion for the developed algorithm shall be the correct assessment of the student’s skills during the course of the training.

Cross-border crime, despite numerous actions taken by entities responsible for ensuring security, poses a serious challenge for law enforcement agencies. The aim of this article is to analyse cross-border crime from the perspective of an officer serving on the road and to indicate – based on a review of literature and statistical data – the importance of traffic control in combating this crime. The authors point out the impact of free movement within the Schengen area and the European Union on this type of crime.

Objectives: The aim of the article is to demonstrate the impact of passenger rail transport on road traffic security, taking into account the Covid-19 pandemic.Material and methods: A solution to the research problem was sought by examining, using multivariate comparative analyses, the deviations in the length of rail lines and the number of passengers transported by rail during a selected period in six selected European countries, taking into account the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the analysis of the number of fatalities in road accidents. The study used multivariate comparative analyses of data on the rail passenger transport sector. The research period covered the years 2010-2023.Results: The study shows that three of the six European countries analyzed (Poland, Spain and Italy) have seen significant increases in the length of rail lines since 2021, and the other three countries have seen declines. Analyzing the second group of dependent variables, it was observed that in 2020, due to the pandemic, there were huge declines in the passenger rail transport sector in each of the analyzed countries. After the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of passenger rail capacity continued to varying degrees in each country, with significant increases in most of them by 2023. However, the mortality rate between 2020 and 2023 remained significantly lower than before the pandemic.Conclusions: The passenger rail transport has an impact on road safety, but as the analyzed data shows, the dynamics of its use does not explain the significant decrease in fatalities in the countries studied, and the clear upward trend in the use of this mode of transport does not coincide with the dynamics of fatalities. Therefore, it can be concluded that passenger rail transport does not have a significant impact on reducing road fatalities.

Przestępczość transgraniczna, pomimo licznych działań podejmowanych przez podmioty odpowiedzialne za zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa, stanowi poważne wyzwanie dla służb. Celem artykułu jest omówienie przestępczości transgranicznej z perspektywy funkcjonariusza pełniącego służbę na drodze oraz wskazanie – na podstawie przeglądu literatury i danych statystycznych – znaczenia kontroli ruchu drogowego w zwalczaniu tej przestępczości. Autorzy wskazują, jaki wpływ na tę przestępczość ma swobodny przepływ w strefie Schengen i Unii Europejskiej.

The issues discussed in the article are interesting and provide a lot of technical information about the system. There is little mention of the concepts of crime and the types of crime in a given area. The article presents a lot of technical informat...

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań statystycznych dotyczących pochodzenia w Polsce pochodzenia narodowego i etnicznego oraz ich wartości użytkowych. Autorka w pierwszej kolejności wyjaśniła podstawowe pojęcia i ramy funkcjonowania w Polsce. W części końcowej nazwy uznanej w Polsce narodowej i etnicznej, z wyszczególnieniem danych statystycznych z ostatniego Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego z 2021 r. Autorka także analizy historycznych problematyki mniejszości narodowych w Polsce północno-wschodniej.