The construction industry has hit a plateau in terms of safety performance. Safety climate is regarded as a leading indicator of safety performance; however, relatively little safety climate research has been done in the Canadian construction industry. Safety climate may be geographically sensitive, thus it is necessary to examine how the construct of safety climate is defined and used to improve safety performance in different regions. On the other hand, more and more attention has been paid to job related stress in the construction industry. Previous research proposed that individual resilience may be associated with a better safety performance and may help employees manage stress. Unfortunately, few empirical research studies have examined this hypothesis. This paper aims to examine the role of safety climate and individual resilience in safety performance and job stress in the Canadian construction industry. The research was based on 837 surveys collected in Ontario between June 2015 and June 2016. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to explore the impact of individual resilience and safety climate on physical safety outcomes and on psychological stress among construction workers. The results show that safety climate not only affected construction workers' safety performance but also indirectly affected their psychological stress. In addition, it was found that individual resilience had a direct negative impact on psychological stress but had no impact on physical safety outcomes. These findings highlight the roles of both organizational and individual factors in individual safety performance and in psychological well-being. Construction organizations need to not only monitor employees' safety performance, but also to assess their employees' psychological well-being. Promoting a positive safety climate together with developing training programs focusing on improving employees' psychological health - especially post-trauma psychological health - can improve the safety performance of an organization.

Interpersonal conflicts at work (ICW) have been widely regarded as a job stressor; however, it is rarely linked to physical safety outcomes. The ICW primarily has two forms on a construction site: conflicts with supervisors (${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ ) and conflicts with coworkers (${\mathrm{ICW}}_C$ ). This study examined the occurrences of ${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ and ${\mathrm{ICW}}_C$ on construction sites, and investigated the relationship among ${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ , ${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ , and physical safety outcomes together with job stress. In addition, possible antecedents of ${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ and ${\mathrm{ICW}}_C$ including workhours, mobility, and individual resilience were also examined. The research was based on 837 surveys collected from more than 100 construction sites in Ontario, Canada between July 2015 and July 2016. Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to test the hypothesized relationships. This paper leads to the following conclusions. Although ICW was reported as quite often or very often by only 6.3% of respondents, it had a significant effect on both physical safety outcomes, including physical injuries and unsafe events, and job stress. Individual resilience (IR) had a significant negative correlation with both ${\mathrm{ICW}}_S$ and ${\mathrm{ICW}}_C$ , which in turn could decrease the frequency of physical safety outcomes and job stress. The contributions of this study are that safety professionals may consider adding coping skill training safety programs to improve the individual resilience of their workforce and reduce conflict-related safety outcomes.

Safety remains a major challenge in the construction industry throughout the world, yet there are very few longitudinal or quasi-longitudinal studies in this domain. This paper demonstrates how a quasi-longitudinal study can provide insight into safety performance. A comparison is made between two cross-sectional studies: 911 questionnaires collected from construction workers between 2004 and 2006, and 802 collected between 2014 and 2015 in Ontario, Canada. The data comprised demographic factors, 13 safety climate factors, and three safety outcome categories. Rates of injury, stress, and safety events reduced overall since 2004, although the change was significant only for events. Findings show improved consistency in safety awareness among participants independent of employers, suggesting that regionwide safety programs have been effective. Safety climate factors accounted for 15–20% of the variance in safety outcomes, down from 2004. Interpersonal conflict at work is strongly related to all safe...