The structure of the Polish pension insurance system, despite many reforms carried out in recent years, is still mainly based on the pay-as-you-go (repartition) pillar. To make it work properly, a constant inflow of participants who will pay contributions, thanks to which it will be possible to pay benefits to current beneficiaries, is necessary. At the same time, a negative demographic trend is observed, which can be a signal that more and more people are going to be paid from the system, while fewer people are going to provide money to it. Therefore, the question arises: How much time is there left for repartition-based pension insurance system to last? Is this system really a vehicle of economic and social development or retrograde rather? This article is an attempt to answer such question using the example of the Polish pension insurance system (PIS). To answer this question, linear trend models were used in the analysis. The adjustment of these models to reality was high, and on their basis, the forecasts for the following years were estimated. The variables used in the analysis are time, number of people, and the value of contributions and withdrawals. According to the research, it can be concluded that Polish pension insurance system has about 60 years to last in such form. Demographic changes are definitely unfavorable, and the age gap is getting bigger and bigger. This means that fewer people are going to provide money for those who are inactive.

Purpose: This article investigates the potential of selected commodities as leading indicators for the WIG stock index in Poland during the period 2017-2022. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis examines the relationships between logarithmic returns of commodities—including Brent crude oil, industrial metals, and precious metals— and the logarithmic returns of the WIG index, both contemporaneously and with lags of up to 252 trading sessions. Findings: The findings reveal a strengthening correlation over time between the industrial commodities market and the Polish equity market. The highest and statistically significant coefficients were observed for copper, zinc, aluminum, and crude oil, particularly at lags of 1 to 3 days. Precious metals such as gold and silver exhibited weak and often statistically insignificant relationships with the WIG index, confirming their defensive nature. Practical implications: These results suggest that price changes in selected commodities may provide valuable leading signals for the Polish stock market, with potential applications in forecasting models and investment strategies. Originality/value: The study makes an important contribution to understanding the mechanisms of interdependence between the commodity market and the capital market in the context of an open economy.

This article conducts a comprehensive correlation analysis to explore the relationship between the development volume by developers and average market prices in Poland's housing sector from 2010 to 2023, utilizing quarterly data on the number of apartments released and their average prices. It employs both linear and nonlinear correlation analysis alongside wavelet coherence analysis. Preliminary correlational analysis offered insights into the basic interdependency patterns, highlighting how developer-supplied apartment numbers impact average prices. Wavelet coherence analysis, a more sophisticated approach, decomposed the data across various frequencies to uncover complex, nonlinear relationship patterns potentially missed by conventional correlation methods. The findings of the study highlight significant connections between the variables that vary over time and space, emphasizing the complexity of the housing market and underscoring the necessity for thorough analysis. These results carry important implications for developers, investors, and housing policy formulation, contributing significantly to understanding Poland's residential real estate market dynamics and supporting further research and strategic real estate industry planning.