Open data has a large means of identifying commonly reachable information on different platforms. One of the open data sources is open government data. The goals of open governments are about building transparency, accountability and participation to strengthen governance and inform citizens. The aim of this study is twofold: (ⅰ) to propose a reliable decision-making tool for dealing with real-life problems and (ⅱ) to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed model through a case study of its ranking with an open government data indicator for G20 countries. This study proposes a multi-criteria methodology that evaluates open data management systems used in e-government development. First, a set of evaluation criteria is established that cover the indicators used in the Global Open Data Index. Second, weights from the Logarithm Methodology of Additive Weights (LMAW) and Logarithmic Percentage Change-driven Objective Weighting (LOPCOW) methods were combined with the Bayesian approach to determine the weights of these criteria. Finally, the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method was used to obtain the ranking results. The novelties of the study lie in the combination of objective and subjective weighting methods, both in determining the ranking of G20 countries with open government data indicators and in deciding the importance levels of the criteria used. The "air quality" and "procurement" criteria are the top two criteria, with weights of 0, 1378 and 0, 1254 respectively. The findings also show that Australia is the best performer, while the United Kingdom is the second best performing. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis verifies the validity, robustness and effectiveness of the proposed framework. According to research findings and analysis, the methodology applied has the potential to assist policymakers and decision-makers in the process of modernization of existing public services in terms of open data and the opportunities it presents.

Mathematical programming and optimization problems related to fluid dynamics are heavily influenced by stochastic processes associated with integral and variational inequalities. Furthermore, symmetry and convexity are intrinsically related. Over the last few years, both have become increasingly interconnected so that we can learn from one and apply it to the other. The objective of this note is to convert ordinary stochastic processes into interval stochastic processes due to the wide range of applications in various disciplines. We have developed Hermite–Hadamard ($\mathbb{H}.\mathbb{H}$), Ostrowski-, and Jensen-type inequalities using interval h-convex stochastic processes. Our main results can be applied to a variety of new and well-known outcomes as specific situations. The results of this study are expected to stimulate future research on inequalities using fractional and fuzzy integral operators. Furthermore, we validate our main findings by providing some non-trivial examples. To demonstrate their general properties, we illustrate the connections between the examined results and those that have already been published. The results discussed in this article can be seen as improvements and refinements to results that have already been published. This is a fascinating subject that can be investigated in the future to identify equivalent inequalities for various convexity types.

In this paper, we introduce a few new generalizations of the classical Perov-fixed point theorem for single-valued and multi-valued mappings in a complete generalized metric space endowed with a binary relation. We have furnished our work with examples to show that several metrical-fixed point theorems can be obtained from an arbitrary binary relation.

The application of fractional calculus to interval analysis is vital for the precise derivation of integral inequalities on set-valued mappings. The objective of this article is to reformulated the well-known Hermite–Hadamard inequality into various new variants via fractional integral operator (Riemann–Liouville) and generalize the various previously published results on set-valued mappings via center and radius order relations using harmonical h-convex functions. First, using these notions, we developed the Hermite–Hadamard ($\mathcal{H}–\mathcal{H}$) inequality, and then constructed some product form of these inequalities for harmonically convex functions. Moreover, to demonstrate the correctness of these results, we constructed some interesting non-trivial examples.

This study investigates the Slepyan–Palmov (SP) model, which describes plane longitudinal waves propagating within a medium comprising a carrier medium and nonlinear oscillators. The primary objective is to analyze the integrability properties of this model. The research entails two key aspects. Firstly, the study explores the group invariant solution by utilizing reductions in symmetry subalgebras based on the optimal system. Secondly, the conservation laws are studied using the homotopy operator, which offers advantages over the conventional multiplier approach, especially when arbitrary functions are absent from both the equation and characteristics. This method proves advantageous in handling complex multipliers and yields significant outcomes.