This study evaluates the cytomorphometric measures of cells obtained from the buccal mucosa of dental students to assess the fluctuation of the cellular characteristics among relatively normal subjects, with any potential correlations with demographic information, different habits, and hormonal disturbance. This prospective study included 100 dental students with no detectable oral alterations submitted to brush cytology. The smears were fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. The stained section was observed under an image analyzer for cytomorphometric analysis. Cytopathological observations were recorded, including inflammation, microbial colonies, micronuclei, keratinization, overlapping, and hemorrhage. Chi-square tests were applied for non-parametric variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the cytometric parameters to habits and hormonal disturbances. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results showed close proximity among subjects in the matter of cytomorphometric measures; no significant influence of sex, smoking, alcohol drinking habits, and menstruation was found on cytomorphometric diameters or cytopathological observation, and vice versa, while polycystic ovary syndrome impacted nuclear and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (p = 0.003, p = 0.02), respectively. Oral exfoliative cytology combined with cytomorphometric analysis for the studied normal individuals can be helpful in various investigations of oral and systemic diseases.

Background: Salivary tumors have various morphological features and might share some histopathological findings. They are considered a problematic area in diagnosis due to complex clinicopathological features and different biological behavior. Objective: To identify the pathological behavior of salivary tumors immunohistochemically. Methodology: This retrospective study involved thirty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of salivary gland tumors. These tumors were stained immunohistochemically with syndecan-1 and cyclin D1. Chi-Square test was used to relate immunoscoring, intracellular localization, intensity, and invasion to different salivary tumors. The correlation of these two markers was done by spearman‘s rho test. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.69 ± 17.7. The parotid gland was the most commonly reported site in benign tumors, and regarding malignant tumors, maxilla was the most prevalent site. Syndecan-1 in benign tumors showed a predominate score 3, most widely detected in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant salivary tumors showed 89.4% positive expression with a more frequent score 3, most commonly found in adenocystic carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expressed in all benign salivary tumors, with prominent diffuse mixed intracellular localization in pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant tumors revealed an expression of 94.7%. Moderate scoring with mixed intracellular localization was recorded in adenocystic carcinoma, followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma. There was a significant correlation between the two markers in response to the distribution of immunostaining in different cell compartments. Conclusion: Syndecan-1 and cyclin D1 showed a significant combined role in salivary tumor progression. Interestingly notable ductal-myoepithelial cells affect epithelial morphogenesis, and growth of pleomorphic adenoma was observed. Furthermore, basophilic cells of cribriform adenocystic carcinomas might control the aggressiveness and proliferation rate of these tumors.

Erratum for the article Expression of Syndecan-1 and Cyclin D1 in Salivary Gland Tumors in Relation to Clinicopathological Parameters

Oral and maxillofacial lesions (OMFLs) in pediatrics differ markedly from their adult counterparts in terms of clinical conduct, pathological behavior, and management. This study aims to determine the frequency of OMFLs among pediatric and adolescent patients and to correlate the demographics information to the site, and histopathological findings. Pathological records of pediatric and adolescent patients were retrieved from three major pathological centers in Sulaimani city of Iraq. Demographic information, surgical procedure, anatomical sites, and histopathological diagnosis were recorded. Furthermore, The World Health Organization (WHO) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) was used for coding. A Chi-square test was used to find the relation between different variables, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study archived 309 (13.3%) out of 2319 pediatric and adolescent patients, with a mean age of 11.04 ± 4.62. Females were more commonly detected (52.8%). The most frequently diagnosed lesions were salivary gland diseases (20.7%), followed by reactive hyperplastic connective tissue (18.4%). A significant relation was found between age groups and diagnostic categories (p = 0.001). The lips were the most commonly detected sites (20.7%). Mucocele was the most frequently seen non-neoplastic lesions (19.4%), followed by pyogenic granuloma (8.7%). Neoplastic lesions revealed predominant hemangioma (3.2%), followed by peripheral ossifying fibroma (1.9%). Traumatic and or reactive lesions were the most commonly reported lesions. Malignant neoplasms can be identified. The current study enabled systematic data recording of pediatric and adolescent patients, encouraging the importance of the oral healthcare system in identifying and managing the problem early in this critical age in this region.

Objective: Investigating the stain localization, inflammation, pattern of distribution, and stain intensity of syndecan -1 and cyclin D1 in salivary gland tissue bordering different salivary gland tumors. Methods: Twenty-six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of salivary gland tissue adjacent to previously diagnosed salivary gland tumors were collected and stained with anit-syndecan-1 and anti-cyclin D1 antigens. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, while Spearman’s rho test was used to correlate both markers' expressions. Results: This study included 26 patients, six males and twenty females, with a median age of 50. The most prevalent site was the minor salivary gland (14 cases). Syndecan-1 accounted for the majority of cytoplasmic expression in various salivary gland components. Tumor type showed a statistical impact on the marker’s expression of both mucous and serous acini, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.010). There was a statistically significant difference in grading of malignancy in the expression of myoepithelial cells (p=0.028), interlobular duct (p=0.005), and serous acini (p=0.023). Cyclin D1 expression was mainly nuclear. A significant relation was found between tumor grading and the marker expression in all salivary gland components. A significant correlation was found between the expression of the two markers. Conclusions: Syndecan-1 and cyclin D1 showed a significant combined expression in salivary tissue adjacent to different salivary gland tumors. This implies an essential influence of molecular changes in the tumor microenvironment and possible future recurrence and metastasis of malignancies. This could highlight the significance of these markers as an indicator of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies.