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Fusarium basal rot (FBR) is particularly problematic to Allium producers worldwide. In Vietnam, information on the profile of FBR is scarce, even though the presence of Fusarium spp. in Allium plants has long been recorded. In this study, a total of 180 isolates of Fusarium spp. were recovered from Allium bulbs/plants showing symptoms of FBR in 34 commercial Allium fields around Da Lat, Lam Dong, Vietnam. These isolates were identified to the species level by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region and the translation elongation factor 1α gene. F. oxysporum was most prevalent (81%) in samples from all locations and Allium varieties, followed by F. solani (15%) and F. proliferatum (4%), which were only found in onion (Allium cepa L.). Pathogenicity tests on onion seedlings (56 isolates) and mini bulbs (10 isolates) indicated that onion can be infected by all of these species but virulence varied greatly between isolates. Moreover, isolates that were virulent on seedlings were sometimes not virulent on bulbs and vice versa, which points to a specialization of isolates for the host phenology. Mycotoxin analyses showed that the highest amounts of beauvericin were detected in seedlings and bulbs infected by F. oxysporum, whereas F. proliferatum was mainly responsible for the presence of fumonisin B1 in bulbs, suggesting a natural occurrence of beauvericin and fumonisin B1 in onions infected by these pathogens.
Dung Le; Maarten Ameye; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Geert Haesaert. Population, Virulence, and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium spp. Associated With Basal Rot of Allium spp. in Vietnam. Plant Disease 2021, 1 -08.
AMA StyleDung Le, Maarten Ameye, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Kris Audenaert, Geert Haesaert. Population, Virulence, and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium spp. Associated With Basal Rot of Allium spp. in Vietnam. Plant Disease. 2021; ():1-08.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDung Le; Maarten Ameye; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Geert Haesaert. 2021. "Population, Virulence, and Mycotoxin Profile of Fusarium spp. Associated With Basal Rot of Allium spp. in Vietnam." Plant Disease , no. : 1-08.
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and NLRP6 are highly expressed in intestinal tissues. Loss of ERβ and NLRP6 exacerbate colitis in mouse models. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we report that ERβ attenuates inflammation by inducing NLRP6-mediated autophagy. Specifically, ERβ directly activates the NLRP6 gene expression via binding to estrogen responsive element (ERE) of Nlrp6 gene promoter. ERβ also physically interacts with the NLRP6 nucleotide-binding domain and promotes NLRP6 inflammasome assembly. The ERβ-NLRP6 axis then interacts with multiple autophagy-related proteins including ULK1, BECN1, ATG16L1, LC3B, p62 to affect the autophagosome biogenesis and control autophagic flux. Finally, NLRP6-mediated autophagy suppresses the inflammatory response by promoting the K48-linked polyubiquitination of ASC, Casp-1 p20, IL-1β, TNF-α, and prohibitin-2. Thus, ERβ-NLRP6 direct an anti-inflammatory response by promoting autophagy. Our work uncovers an ERβ-NLRP6-autophagy pathway as an unrecognized regulatory mechanism that maintains intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and facilitates tissue repair in colitis.
Wentao Fan; Chenchen Ding; Shuihui Liu; Xiaona Gao; Xiaofei Shen; Marthe De Boevre; Zhangshan Gao; Mengcong Li; Shuo Zhang; Yufan Miao; Wenxian Guan; Guangliang Liu; Liping Yan; Sarah DeSaeger; Suquan Song. Estrogen Receptor β Activation Inhibits Colitis by Promoting NLRP6-Mediated Autophagy. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleWentao Fan, Chenchen Ding, Shuihui Liu, Xiaona Gao, Xiaofei Shen, Marthe De Boevre, Zhangshan Gao, Mengcong Li, Shuo Zhang, Yufan Miao, Wenxian Guan, Guangliang Liu, Liping Yan, Sarah DeSaeger, Suquan Song. Estrogen Receptor β Activation Inhibits Colitis by Promoting NLRP6-Mediated Autophagy. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWentao Fan; Chenchen Ding; Shuihui Liu; Xiaona Gao; Xiaofei Shen; Marthe De Boevre; Zhangshan Gao; Mengcong Li; Shuo Zhang; Yufan Miao; Wenxian Guan; Guangliang Liu; Liping Yan; Sarah DeSaeger; Suquan Song. 2021. "Estrogen Receptor β Activation Inhibits Colitis by Promoting NLRP6-Mediated Autophagy." , no. : 1.
Grains (cereals and legumes) contribute significantly to in achieving food and nutritional security. However, these commodities are susceptible to fungal contamination, accompanied by the production of toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Despite existence of extensive literature concerning prevention and control of mycotoxin contamination in these commodities, its packaging into guidelines or advice remains complex for non-scientists to comprehend thus restricting effective implementation of these measures. In an effort to ease comprehension and implementation of the mycotoxin prevention and control in grains, this paper synthesizes literature on the subject and proposes a framework of five keys with: (1) Recommendations (what); (2) Actionable steps/instructions to achieve recommendations (how) and, (3) Reasoning behind the recommendations (why). This concept of the five keys was originally written from a developing country perspective. However, most of these measures could also be applicable in a global context.
Limbikani Matumba; Sydney Namaumbo; Theresa Ngoma; Nyadani Meleke; Marthe De Boevre; Antonio F. Logrieco; Sarah De Saeger. Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal. Global Food Security 2021, 30, 100562 .
AMA StyleLimbikani Matumba, Sydney Namaumbo, Theresa Ngoma, Nyadani Meleke, Marthe De Boevre, Antonio F. Logrieco, Sarah De Saeger. Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal. Global Food Security. 2021; 30 ():100562.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLimbikani Matumba; Sydney Namaumbo; Theresa Ngoma; Nyadani Meleke; Marthe De Boevre; Antonio F. Logrieco; Sarah De Saeger. 2021. "Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal." Global Food Security 30, no. : 100562.
Objective: This study aimed to obtain an objective overview of nutritional topics discussed in community pharmacies to adapt the nutrition-related course content in pharmacy education. Methods: We performed an observational study between July 2014 and April 2015 in 136 community pharmacies in Belgium. During four months, each pharmacy intern recorded the first two food- and nutrition-related cases with which they were confronted. Each case was classified into one of 18 categories. Results: 1004 cases were included by 135 pharmacy interns. The most often discussed subjects include “food supplements” (38%), “baby food” (19%), and “healthy food and nutritional recommendations” (11%). In 45% (447/1004) of all cases, pharmacy interns were able to immediately discuss the cases without searching for additional information. Eventually, after looking up extra information, 95% (958/1004) of cases could be answered. Conclusions: Food- and nutrition-related cases are discussed in primary healthcare. We recommend food- and nutrition-related courses in the curriculum of every healthcare profession.
Eline Tommelein; Marthe De Boevre; Lize Vanhie; Inge Van Tongelen; Koen Boussery; Sarah De Saeger. Revisiting the Food- and Nutrition-Related Curriculum in Healthcare Education: An Example for Pharmacy Education. Pharmacy 2021, 9, 104 .
AMA StyleEline Tommelein, Marthe De Boevre, Lize Vanhie, Inge Van Tongelen, Koen Boussery, Sarah De Saeger. Revisiting the Food- and Nutrition-Related Curriculum in Healthcare Education: An Example for Pharmacy Education. Pharmacy. 2021; 9 (2):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEline Tommelein; Marthe De Boevre; Lize Vanhie; Inge Van Tongelen; Koen Boussery; Sarah De Saeger. 2021. "Revisiting the Food- and Nutrition-Related Curriculum in Healthcare Education: An Example for Pharmacy Education." Pharmacy 9, no. 2: 104.
Biomonitoring of biological samples arises as an effective tool to evaluate the exposure to mycotoxins in the population. Owing to the wide range of advantages, there is a growing interest in the use of non- and minimally invasive alternative sampling strategies, such as dried blood spot sampling or volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). A VAMS-based multi-mycotoxin method was developed and validated for 24 different mycotoxins. Method validation was based on the Bioanalytical Method Validation Guideline of the Food and Drug Administration from the United States and for most of the studied mycotoxins, the results of the performance characteristics were in agreement with the criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The recovery for the different mycotoxins was not haematocrit dependent and remained acceptable after storing the VAMS for 7 and 21 days at refrigeration temperature (4 °C) and room temperature, demonstrating that VAMS could be applied to assess mycotoxin exposure in blood in resource-limited areas, where there may be a delay between sampling and analysis. Finally, a comparison between VAMS and a procedure for liquid whole blood analysis, performed on 20 different blood samples, did not result in missed exposed cases for VAMS. Moreover, both methods detected similar levels of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. Given all the benefits associated with VAMS and the developed method, VAMS sampling may serve as an alternative to conventional venous sampling to evaluate multiple mycotoxin exposure.
Arnau Vidal; Lidia Belova; Christophe Stove; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger. Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas. Toxins 2021, 13, 345 .
AMA StyleArnau Vidal, Lidia Belova, Christophe Stove, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger. Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas. Toxins. 2021; 13 (5):345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnau Vidal; Lidia Belova; Christophe Stove; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger. 2021. "Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as an Alternative Tool for Biomonitoring of Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Resource-Limited Areas." Toxins 13, no. 5: 345.
Mycotoxin contamination of feed does not only cut across food and feed value chains but compromises animal productivity and health, affecting farmers, traders and consumers alike. To aid in the development of a sustainable strategy for mycotoxin control in animal-based food production systems, this study focused on smallholder farming systems where 77 dairy cattle feed samples were collected from 28 smallholder dairy establishments in the Limpopo and Free State provinces of South Africa between 2018 and 2019. Samples were analyzed using a confirmatory UHPLC–MS/MS (Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method validated for simultaneous detection of 23 mycotoxins in feeds. Overall, mycotoxins assessed were detected across samples with 86% of samples containing at least one mycotoxin above respective decision limits; up to 66% of samples were found to be contaminated with at least three mycotoxins. Findings demonstrated that deoxynivalenol, sterigmatocystin, alternariol and enniatin B were the most common mycotoxins, while low to marginal detection rates were observed for all other mycotoxins with none of the samples containing fusarenon-X, HT-2-toxin and neosolaniol. Isolated cases of deoxynivalenol (maximum: 2385 µg/kg), aflatoxins (AFB1 (maximum: 30.2 µg/kg)/AFG1 (maximum: 23.1 µg/kg)), and zearalenone (maximum: 1793 µg/kg) in excess of local and European regulatory limits were found. Kruskal−Wallis testing for pairwise comparisons showed commercial feed had significantly higher contamination for deoxynivalenol and its acylated derivatives, ochratoxin A and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), whereas forages had significantly higher alternariol; in addition to significantly higher fumonisin B1 contamination for Limpopo coupled with significantly higher enniatin B and sterigmatocystin for Free State. Statistically significant Spearman correlations (p < 0.01) were also apparent for ratios for deoxynivalenol/fumonisin B1 (rs = 0.587) and zearalenone/ alternariol methylether (rs = 0.544).
Rumbidzai Changwa; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Patrick Njobeh. Feed-Based Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems of South Africa: The Case of Limpopo and Free State. Toxins 2021, 13, 166 .
AMA StyleRumbidzai Changwa, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Patrick Njobeh. Feed-Based Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems of South Africa: The Case of Limpopo and Free State. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRumbidzai Changwa; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Patrick Njobeh. 2021. "Feed-Based Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems of South Africa: The Case of Limpopo and Free State." Toxins 13, no. 2: 166.
Forage maize is often infected by mycotoxin-producing Fusarium fungi during plant growth, which represent a serious health risk to exposed animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important Fusarium mycotoxins, but little is known about the occurrence of their modified forms in forage maize. To assess the mycotoxin contamination in Northern Germany, 120 natural contaminated forage maize samples of four cultivars from several locations were analysed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for DON and ZEN and their modified forms deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G), the sum of 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3+15-AcDON), α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL). DON and ZEN occurred with high incidences (100 and 96%) and a wide range of concentrations, reaching levels up to 10,972 and 3910 µg/kg, respectively. Almost half of the samples (46%) exceeded the guidance value in complementary and complete feeding stuffs for ZEN (500 µg/kg), and 9% for DON (5000 µg/kg). The DON related mycotoxins DON3G and 3+15-AcDON were also present in almost all samples (100 and 97%) with amounts of up to 3038 and 2237 µg/kg and a wide range of concentrations. For the ZEN metabolites α- and β-ZEL lower incidences were detected (59 and 32%) with concentrations of up to 423 and 203 µg/kg, respectively. Forage maize samples were contaminated with at least three co-occurring mycotoxins, whereby 95% of all samples contained four or more mycotoxins with DON, DON3G, 3+15-AcDON, and ZEN co-occurring in 93%, together with α-ZEL in 57% of all samples. Positive correlations were established between concentrations of the co-occurring mycotoxins, especially between DON and its modified forms. Averaged over all samples, ratios of DON3G/DON and 3+15-AcDON/DON were similar, 20.2 and 20.5 mol%; cultivar-specific mean ratios ranged from 14.6 to 24.3 mol% and 15.8 to 24.0 mol%, respectively. In total, 40.7 mol% of the measured DON concentration was present in the modified forms DON3G and 3+15-AcDON. The α-ZEL/ZEN ratio was 6.2 mol%, ranging from 5.2 to 8.6 mol% between cultivars. These results demonstrate that modified mycotoxins contribute substantially to the overall mycotoxin contamination in forage maize. To avoid a considerable underestimation, it is necessary to analyse modified mycotoxins in future mycotoxin monitoring programs together with their parent forms.
Tim Birr; Tolke Jensen; Nils Preußke; Frank Sönnichsen; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Mario Hasler; Joseph-Alexander Verreet; Holger Klink. Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars. Toxins 2021, 13, 110 .
AMA StyleTim Birr, Tolke Jensen, Nils Preußke, Frank Sönnichsen, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Mario Hasler, Joseph-Alexander Verreet, Holger Klink. Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTim Birr; Tolke Jensen; Nils Preußke; Frank Sönnichsen; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Mario Hasler; Joseph-Alexander Verreet; Holger Klink. 2021. "Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Their Modified Forms in Forage Maize Cultivars." Toxins 13, no. 2: 110.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin with worldwide high incidence in feed which is produced by Fusarium species. Strategies are needed to eliminate its health risk for livestock and to minimise its economic impact on production. In order to assess the efficacy of potential physical, chemical and biological DON detoxifying agents, a good in vitro model is necessary to perform a fast and high-throughput screening of new compounds before in vivo trials are set up. In this paper, an in vitro model was developed to screen potential commercial products for DON degradation and detoxification. Contaminated feed with potential detoxifying agents are first applied to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of a pig, after which detoxification is assessed through a robust, inexpensive and readily applicable Lemna minor L. aquatic plant bioassay which enables evaluation of the residual toxicity of possible metabolites formed by DON detoxifying agents. The GIT simulation enables taking matrix and incubation parameters into account as they can affect the binding, removal or degradation of DON. One product could reduce DON in feed in the GIT model for almost 100% after 6 h. DON metabolites were tentatively identified with LC-MS/MS. This GIT simulation coupled to a detoxification bioassay is a valuable model for in vitro screening and assessing compounds for DON detoxification, and could be expanded towards other mycotoxins. Graphical abstract
Ilse Vanhoutte; Jan Vande Ginste; Stefanie Verstringe; Arnau Vidal; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Leen De Gelder. Development of an in vitro gastro-intestinal pig model to screen potential detoxifying agents for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2021, 38, 488 -500.
AMA StyleIlse Vanhoutte, Jan Vande Ginste, Stefanie Verstringe, Arnau Vidal, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Kris Audenaert, Leen De Gelder. Development of an in vitro gastro-intestinal pig model to screen potential detoxifying agents for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2021; 38 (3):488-500.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlse Vanhoutte; Jan Vande Ginste; Stefanie Verstringe; Arnau Vidal; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Leen De Gelder. 2021. "Development of an in vitro gastro-intestinal pig model to screen potential detoxifying agents for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 38, no. 3: 488-500.
Although previous studies have reported the use of nixtamalization for mycotoxins reduction in maize, the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and other nixtamalization cooking ingredients for mycotoxin reduction/decontamination in sorghum and other cereals still need to be determined. The current study investigated the effect of five nixtamalization cooking ingredients (wood ashes, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium chloride) on the reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins in artificially contaminated maize and sorghum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All tested cooking ingredients effectively reduced levels of mycotoxins in the contaminated samples with reduction initiated immediately after the washing step. Except for the calcium chloride nixtamal, levels of fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 in the processed sorghum nixtamal samples were below the limit of detection. Meanwhile, the lowest pH values were obtained from the maize (4.84; 4.99), as well as sorghum (4.83; 4.81) nejayote and nixtamal samples obtained via calcium chloride treatment. Overall, the results revealed that the tested cooking ingredients were effective in reducing the target mycotoxins. In addition, it pointed out the potential of calcium chloride, though with reduced effectiveness, as a possible greener alternative cooking ingredient (ecological nixtamalization) when there are environmental concerns caused by alkaline nejayote.
Julianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins 2021, 13, 27 .
AMA StyleJulianah Odukoya, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Gabriel Adegoke, Kris Audenaert, Siska Croubels, Gunther Antonissen, Karel Vermeulen, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins. 2021; 13 (1):27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. 2021. "Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum." Toxins 13, no. 1: 27.
Aim Variation in plant defence traits has been frequently assessed along large‐scale macroclimatic clines. In contrast, local‐scale changes in the environment have recently been proposed to also modulate plant defence traits. Yet, the relative importance of drivers at both scales has never been tested. We aimed to quantify the relative importance of environmental drivers inherent to large and small spatial scales on the physical and chemical defence and tolerance to herbivory in understorey plant species of deciduous forests of Europe. Location Deciduous forests in Europe. Time period Present. Major taxa studied Forest understorey plants. Methods We sampled four typical ancient forest herbs (Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Deschampsia cespitosa, Milium effusum) along small and large spatial scale gradients (those driven by latitude, elevation, forest management and distance to the forest edge), and analysed a suite of nine constitutively expressed traits associated with overall resistance to herbivory, and their multivariate response to environmental clines. Results Although our study included a large gradient in macroclimate, we found variation in the local environment at small spatial scales (i.e. soil nutrient concentration and forest structural complexity) to be more important in predicting plant resistance to herbivory. Main conclusions In addition to macroclimatic conditions, subtle differences in forest microclimate and soil characteristics also played a major role in modulating plant defence phenotypes. These findings highlight the importance of the local habitat structure and environmental conditions in modulating plant resistance to herbivory.
Pieter Sanczuk; Sanne Govaert; Camille Meeussen; Karen De Pauw; Thomas Vanneste; Leen Depauw; Xoaquín Moreira; Jonas Schoelynck; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kurt Bollmann; Jörg Brunet; Sara A. O. Cousins; Jan Plue; Martin Diekmann; Bente J. Graae; Per‐Ola Hedwall; Giovanni Iacopetti; Jonathan Lenoir; Anna Orczewska; Quentin Ponette; Federico Selvi; Fabien Spicher; Pieter Vermeir; Kim Calders; Hans Verbeeck; Kris Verheyen; Pieter Vangansbeke; Pieter De Frenne. Small scale environmental variation modulates plant defence syndromes of understorey plants in deciduous forests of Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2020, 30, 205 -219.
AMA StylePieter Sanczuk, Sanne Govaert, Camille Meeussen, Karen De Pauw, Thomas Vanneste, Leen Depauw, Xoaquín Moreira, Jonas Schoelynck, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Kurt Bollmann, Jörg Brunet, Sara A. O. Cousins, Jan Plue, Martin Diekmann, Bente J. Graae, Per‐Ola Hedwall, Giovanni Iacopetti, Jonathan Lenoir, Anna Orczewska, Quentin Ponette, Federico Selvi, Fabien Spicher, Pieter Vermeir, Kim Calders, Hans Verbeeck, Kris Verheyen, Pieter Vangansbeke, Pieter De Frenne. Small scale environmental variation modulates plant defence syndromes of understorey plants in deciduous forests of Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2020; 30 (1):205-219.
Chicago/Turabian StylePieter Sanczuk; Sanne Govaert; Camille Meeussen; Karen De Pauw; Thomas Vanneste; Leen Depauw; Xoaquín Moreira; Jonas Schoelynck; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Kurt Bollmann; Jörg Brunet; Sara A. O. Cousins; Jan Plue; Martin Diekmann; Bente J. Graae; Per‐Ola Hedwall; Giovanni Iacopetti; Jonathan Lenoir; Anna Orczewska; Quentin Ponette; Federico Selvi; Fabien Spicher; Pieter Vermeir; Kim Calders; Hans Verbeeck; Kris Verheyen; Pieter Vangansbeke; Pieter De Frenne. 2020. "Small scale environmental variation modulates plant defence syndromes of understorey plants in deciduous forests of Europe." Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, no. 1: 205-219.
Juveniles are considered as one of the most vulnerable population groups concerning mycotoxins and their modified forms. The weaning stage is a particularly vulnerable period in the life of mammals, reflected in intestinal and immune dysfunction. The current study investigated the toxicokinetic (TK) characteristics of zearalenone (ZEN), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S) in weaned (4-week-old) piglets, by means of oral and intravenous administration of equimolar doses, i.e., 331, 500, and 415 μg/kg bodyweight, respectively. Plasma and urine were sampled pre- and post-administration and were quantitatively analyzed for ZEN, ZEN14G, ZEN14S, and in vivo metabolites by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Tailor-made TK models were elaborated to process data. A statistical comparison of the results was performed with TK data obtained in a previously reported study in pigs of 8 weeks of age. Additionally, porcine plasma protein binding was determined to support TK findings. The TK results for ZEN, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S, obtained in 4- and 8-week-old pigs, revealed significant age-related differences, based on differences in intestinal permeability, body fat content, gastrointestinal transit time, and biotransformation, with a special emphasis on an increased absorbed fraction of ZEN14G, i.e., 94 vs 61% in 4- compared to 8-week-old pigs. Since the growing pig has been reported to be a suitable pediatric animal model for humans concerning TK processes, these results may contribute to refine the risk assessment concerning modified ZEN forms in juvenile animals and humans.
Amelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Bart Huybrechts; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2020, 68, 7757 -7764.
AMA StyleAmelie Catteuw, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, Gunther Antonissen, Bart Huybrechts, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, Ann Martens, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2020; 68 (29):7757-7764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Bart Huybrechts; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 29: 7757-7764.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in investigating the carcinogenicity of mycotoxins in humans. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of data linking exposure to different mycotoxins with human cancer risk. Publications (2019 and earlier) of case-control or longitudinal cohort studies were identified in PubMed and EMBASE. These articles were then screened by independent reviewers and their quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Animal, cross-sectional, and molecular studies satisfied criteria for exclusion. In total, 14 articles were included: 13 case-control studies and 1 longitudinal cohort study. Included articles focused on associations of mycotoxin exposure with primary liver, breast, and cervical cancer. Overall, a positive association between the consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods and primary liver cancer risk was verified. Two case-control studies in Africa investigated the relationship between zearalenone and its metabolites and breast cancer risk, though conflicting results were reported. Two case-control studies investigated the association between hepatocellular carcinoma and fumonisin B1 exposure, but no significant associations were observed. This systematic review incorporates several clear observations of dose-dependent associations between aflatoxins and liver cancer risk, in keeping with IARC Monograph conclusions. Only few human epidemiological studies investigated the associations between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk. To close this gap, more in-depth research is needed to unravel evidence for other common mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A. The link between mycotoxin exposures and cancer risk has mainly been established in experimental studies, and needs to be confirmed in human epidemiological studies to support the evidence-based public health strategies.
Liesel Claeys; Chiara Romano; Karl De Ruyck; Hayley Wilson; Beatrice Fervers; Michael Korenjak; Jiri Zavadil; Marc J. Gunter; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Inge Huybrechts. Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2020, 19, 1449 -1464.
AMA StyleLiesel Claeys, Chiara Romano, Karl De Ruyck, Hayley Wilson, Beatrice Fervers, Michael Korenjak, Jiri Zavadil, Marc J. Gunter, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Inge Huybrechts. Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020; 19 (4):1449-1464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiesel Claeys; Chiara Romano; Karl De Ruyck; Hayley Wilson; Beatrice Fervers; Michael Korenjak; Jiri Zavadil; Marc J. Gunter; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Inge Huybrechts. 2020. "Mycotoxin exposure and human cancer risk: A systematic review of epidemiological studies." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19, no. 4: 1449-1464.
Two fungi, i.e., Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlb.) E. Cohn, were cultivated according to two methodologies, namely submerged and biofilm cultures with the primary aim to use their secondary metabolites the supernatant CL50, and CL90 varied between 1.3% (v/v) to 12.7% (v/v) for incubation times from 24 to 72 h. While the A. flavus supernatant entomotoxicity was higher than this of A. oryzae, the biofilm culture application increased the efficiency of the former. Proteomic analysis of the supernatants revealed discrepancies among the two species and modes of cultivation. Furthermore, the secondary metabolite profiles of both Aspergillus cultures were verified. Aspergillic acid, beta-cyclopiazonic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, ferrineospergillin, flavacol, and spermadin A were most predominant. Generally, these secondary metabolites were present in higher concentrations in the supernatants of A. flavus and biofilm cultures. These molecular identifications correlated positively with entomotoxic activity. Noteworthy, the absence of carcinogenic aflatoxins was remarkable, and it will allow further valorization to produce A. flavus to develop potential biopesticides.
Frédéric Francis; Florent Druart; José Diana Di Mavungu; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Frank Delvigne. Biofilm Mode of Cultivation Leads to an Improvement of the Entomotoxic Patterns of Two Aspergillus Species. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 705 .
AMA StyleFrédéric Francis, Florent Druart, José Diana Di Mavungu, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Frank Delvigne. Biofilm Mode of Cultivation Leads to an Improvement of the Entomotoxic Patterns of Two Aspergillus Species. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (5):705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrédéric Francis; Florent Druart; José Diana Di Mavungu; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Frank Delvigne. 2020. "Biofilm Mode of Cultivation Leads to an Improvement of the Entomotoxic Patterns of Two Aspergillus Species." Microorganisms 8, no. 5: 705.
Deoxynivalenol is one of the most ubiquitous mycotoxins in the Western diet through its presence in cereals and cereal products. A vast amount of studies indicate the worrying level of exposure to this toxin, while even high percentages of the population exceed the tolerable daily intake. To evaluate and assess dietary exposure, analysis of urinary levels of deoxynivalenol and its glucuronides has been proposed as a reliable methodology. An indirect preliminary method was used based on the cleavage of deoxynivalenol glucuronides through the use of enzymes (β-glucuronidase) and subsequent determination of "total deoxynivalenol" (sum of free and released mycotoxins by hydrolysis). Next, a direct procedure for quantification of deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide was developed. As deoxynivalenol glucuronides reference standards are not commercially available, the indirect method is widely applied. However, to not underestimate the total deoxynivalenol exposure in urine, the direct and indirect methodologies need to be compared. Urinary samples (n = 96) with a confirmed presence of deoxynivalenol and/or deoxynivalenol glucuronides were analysed using both approaches. The indirect method clarified that not all deoxynivalenol glucuronides were transformed to free deoxynivalenol during enzymatic treatment, causing an underestimation of total deoxynivalenol. This short communication concludes on the application of direct or indirect assessment of urinary deoxynivalenol.
Arnau Vidal; Nabila Bouzaghnane; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre. Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol. Toxins 2020, 12, 139 .
AMA StyleArnau Vidal, Nabila Bouzaghnane, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre. Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArnau Vidal; Nabila Bouzaghnane; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre. 2020. "Human Mycotoxin Biomonitoring: Conclusive Remarks on Direct or Indirect Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol." Toxins 12, no. 2: 139.
Zearalenone and alternariol are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, respectively, that present estrogenic activity and consequently are classified as endocrine disruptors. To estimate the exposure of the Portuguese population to these two mycotoxins at a national level, a modelling approach, based on data from 94 Portuguese volunteers, was developed considering as inputs: i) the food consumption data generated within the National Food and Physical Activity Survey; and ii) the human biomonitoring data used to assess the exposure to the referred mycotoxins. Six models of association between mycoestrogens urinary levels (zearalenone, total zearalenone and alternariol) and food items (meat, cheese, and fresh-cheese, breakfast cereals, sweets) were established. Applying the obtained models to the consumption data (n = 5811) of the general population, the median estimates of the probable daily intake revealed that a fraction of the Portuguese population might exceed the tolerable daily intake defined for zearalenone. A reference intake value for alternariol is still lacking, thus the characterization of risk due to the exposure to this mycotoxin was not possible to perform. Although the unavoidable uncertainties, these results are important contributions to understand the exposure to endocrine disruptors in Portugal and the potential Public Health consequences.
Carla Martins; Duarte Torres; Carla Lopes; Daniela Correia; Ana Goios; Ricardo Assunção; Paula Alvito; Arnau Vidal; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Carla Nunes. Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens. Toxins 2020, 12, 118 .
AMA StyleCarla Martins, Duarte Torres, Carla Lopes, Daniela Correia, Ana Goios, Ricardo Assunção, Paula Alvito, Arnau Vidal, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Carla Nunes. Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Martins; Duarte Torres; Carla Lopes; Daniela Correia; Ana Goios; Ricardo Assunção; Paula Alvito; Arnau Vidal; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Carla Nunes. 2020. "Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens." Toxins 12, no. 2: 118.
Age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) were studied. DON3G [55.7 µg/kg bodyweight (BW)] and an equimolar dose of DON (36 µg/kg BW) were administered to weaned piglets (4 weeks old) by single intravenous and oral administration in a double two-way cross-over design. Systemic and portal blood was sampled at different time points pre- and post-administration and plasma concentrations of DON, DON3G and their metabolites were quantified using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) methods. Data were processed using tailor-made compartmental toxicokinetic (TK) models to accurately estimate TK parameters. Results were statistically compared to data obtained in a previous study on 11-week-old pigs using identical experimental conditions. Significant age-related differences in intestinal and systemic exposure to both DON and DON3G were noted. Most remarkably, a significant difference was found for the absorbed fraction of DON3G, after presystemic hydrolysis to DON, in weaned piglets compared to 11-week-old piglets (83% vs 16%, respectively), assumed to be mainly attributed to the higher intestinal permeability of weaned piglets. Other differences in TK parameters could be assigned to a higher water/fat body ratio and longer gastrointestinal transit time of weaned piglets. Results may further refine current risk assessment concerning DON and DON3G in animals. Additionally, since piglets possibly serve as a human paediatric surrogate model, results may be extrapolated to human infants.
Amelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. Investigation of age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in weaned piglets. Archives of Toxicology 2019, 94, 417 -425.
AMA StyleAmelie Catteuw, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, Gunther Antonissen, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, Ann Martens, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Siska Croubels. Investigation of age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in weaned piglets. Archives of Toxicology. 2019; 94 (2):417-425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. 2019. "Investigation of age-related differences in toxicokinetic processes of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in weaned piglets." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 2: 417-425.
The aim of this study was to systematically review associations between dietary mycotoxins exposure and child growth and morbidity of children aged 5 years or younger. Peer-reviewed literature was searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Experimental and observational studies were considered. The exposures were dietary mycotoxins during pregnancy, lactation and childhood, and mycotoxins concentrations in the diet, breast milk, urine, and blood. From a total of 4869 references, 86 full-text papers were extracted of which 50 were included in this review. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated and quality of the collective evidence was assessed using GRADE. Uncertainty remains whether mycotoxins exposure affects child growth, immunity and mortality and the overall quality of the evidence is very low. Overall however, we cannot rule out a possible association between dietary mycotoxins, in particular, AF and FUM and child malnutrition. Our analyses were limited by the reporting quality, difference in findings, heterogeneity of outcomes, mycotoxins detection methods, and the observational nature of most studies. Robust study designs with adequate sample size, use of validated biomarkers of exposure and assessment of co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their synergistic effects are required to provide the further evidence regarding a potential effect of dietary mycotoxins exposure on child growth and immunity.
Kokeb Tesfamariam; Marthe De Boevre; Patrick Kolsteren; Tefera Belachew; Addisalem Mesfin; Sarah De Saeger; Carl Lachat. Dietary mycotoxins exposure and child growth, immune system, morbidity, and mortality: a systematic literature review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2019, 60, 3321 -3341.
AMA StyleKokeb Tesfamariam, Marthe De Boevre, Patrick Kolsteren, Tefera Belachew, Addisalem Mesfin, Sarah De Saeger, Carl Lachat. Dietary mycotoxins exposure and child growth, immune system, morbidity, and mortality: a systematic literature review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2019; 60 (19):3321-3341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKokeb Tesfamariam; Marthe De Boevre; Patrick Kolsteren; Tefera Belachew; Addisalem Mesfin; Sarah De Saeger; Carl Lachat. 2019. "Dietary mycotoxins exposure and child growth, immune system, morbidity, and mortality: a systematic literature review." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60, no. 19: 3321-3341.
Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), a key modified mycotoxin, has attracted a great deal of attention due to the possible conversion to its free form of zearalenone (ZEN) exerting toxicity. In this study, the toxicokinetics of ZEN-14G were investigated in rats after oral and intravenous administration. The plasma concentrations of ZEN-14G and its major five metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The data were analyzed via non-compartmental analysis using software WinNonlin 6.3. The results indicated that ZEN-14G was rapidly hydrolyzed into ZEN in vivo. In addition, the major parameters of ZEN-14G following intravenous administration were: area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC), 1.80 h·ng/mL; the apparent volume of distribution (VZ), 7.25 L/kg; and total body clearance (CL), 5.02 mL/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration, the typical parameters were: AUC, 0.16 h·ng/mL; VZ, 6.24 mL/kg; and CL, 4.50 mL/h/kg, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of ZEN-14G in rats was about 9%, since low levels of ZEN-14G were detected in plasma, which might be attributed to its extensive metabolism. Therefore, liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was adopted to clarify the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G in rats’ plasma. As a result, eight metabolites were identified in which ZEN-14-glucuronic acid (ZEN-14GlcA) had a large yield from the first time-point and continued accumulating after oral administration, indicating that ZEN-14-glucuronic acid could serve a potential biomarker of ZEN-14G. The obtained outcomes would prompt the accurate safety evaluation of ZEN-14G.
Feifei Sun; Haiguang Tan; Yanshen Li; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Jinhui Zhou; Yi Li; Zhenghua Rao; Shupeng Yang; Huiyan Zhang. Metabolic Profile, Bioavailability and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone-14-Glucoside in Rats after Oral and Intravenous Administration by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 5473 .
AMA StyleFeifei Sun, Haiguang Tan, Yanshen Li, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De Saeger, Jinhui Zhou, Yi Li, Zhenghua Rao, Shupeng Yang, Huiyan Zhang. Metabolic Profile, Bioavailability and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone-14-Glucoside in Rats after Oral and Intravenous Administration by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (21):5473.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeifei Sun; Haiguang Tan; Yanshen Li; Marthe De Boevre; Sarah De Saeger; Jinhui Zhou; Yi Li; Zhenghua Rao; Shupeng Yang; Huiyan Zhang. 2019. "Metabolic Profile, Bioavailability and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone-14-Glucoside in Rats after Oral and Intravenous Administration by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21: 5473.
Clays are known to have promising adsorbing characteristics, and are used as feed additives to overcome the negative effects of mycotoxicosis in livestock farming. Modification of clay minerals by heat treatment, also called calcination, can alter their adsorption characteristics. Little information, however, is available on the effect of calcination with respect to mycotoxin binding. The purpose of this study was to characterize a Tunisian clay before and after calcination (at 550 °C), and to investigate the effectiveness of the thermal treatment of this clay on its aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2), G2 (AFG2), and zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption capacity. Firstly, the purified clay (CP) and calcined clay (CC) were characterized with X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-IR), cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SBET), and point of zero charge (pHPZC) measurements. Secondly, an in vitro model that simulated the pH conditions of the monogastric gastrointestinal tract was used to evaluate the binding efficiency of the tested clays when artificially mixed with aflatoxins and zearalenone. The tested clay consisted mainly of smectite and illite. Purified and calcined clay had similar chemical compositions. After heat treatment, however, some changes in the mineralogical and textural properties were observed. The calcination decreased the cation exchange capacity and the specific surface, whereas the pore size was increased. Both purified and calcined clay had a binding efficacy of over 90% for AFB1 under simulated poultry GI tract conditions. Heat treatment of the clay increased the adsorption of AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 related to the increase in pore size of the clay by the calcination process. ZEN adsorption also increased by calcination, albeit to a more stable level at pH 3 rather than at pH 7. In conclusion, calcination of clay minerals enhanced the adsorption of aflatoxins and mostly of AFG1 and AFG2 at neutral pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and thus are associated with protection against the toxic effects of aflatoxins.
Roua Rejeb; Gunther Antonissen; Marthe De Boevre; Christ’L Detavernier; Mario Van De Velde; Sarah De Saeger; Richard Ducatelle; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Roua Rejeb. Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin and Zearalenone Binding Efficiency of a Tunisian Clay. Toxins 2019, 11, 602 .
AMA StyleRoua Rejeb, Gunther Antonissen, Marthe De Boevre, Christ’L Detavernier, Mario Van De Velde, Sarah De Saeger, Richard Ducatelle, Madiha Hadj Ayed, Achraf Ghorbal, Roua Rejeb. Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin and Zearalenone Binding Efficiency of a Tunisian Clay. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoua Rejeb; Gunther Antonissen; Marthe De Boevre; Christ’L Detavernier; Mario Van De Velde; Sarah De Saeger; Richard Ducatelle; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Roua Rejeb. 2019. "Calcination Enhances the Aflatoxin and Zearalenone Binding Efficiency of a Tunisian Clay." Toxins 11, no. 10: 602.
The selective and sensitive analysis of mycotoxins in highly complex feed matrices is a great challenge. In this study, the suitability of OrbitrapTM-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for routine mycotoxin analysis in complex feeds was demonstrated by the successful validation of a full MS/data-dependent MS/MS acquisition method for the quantitative determination of eight Fusarium mycotoxins in forage maize and maize silage according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The required resolving power for accurate mass assignments (A), intra-day precision (RSDr), and inter-day precision (RSDR) of measurements were in the range of 94 to 108%, 2 to 16%, and 2 to 12%, whereas the decision limit (CCα) and the detection capability (CCβ) varied from 11 to 88 µg/kg and 20 to 141 µg/kg, respectively. A set of naturally contaminated forage maize and maize silage samples collected in northern Germany in 2017 was analyzed to confirm the applicability of the HRMS method to real samples. At least four Fusarium mycotoxins were quantified in each sample, highlighting the frequent co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed.
Tolke Jensen; Marthe de Boevre; Nils Preußke; Sarah de Saeger; Tim Birr; Joseph-Alexander Verreet; Frank Sönnichsen. Evaluation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins in Complex Feed Matrices. Toxins 2019, 11, 531 .
AMA StyleTolke Jensen, Marthe de Boevre, Nils Preußke, Sarah de Saeger, Tim Birr, Joseph-Alexander Verreet, Frank Sönnichsen. Evaluation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins in Complex Feed Matrices. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTolke Jensen; Marthe de Boevre; Nils Preußke; Sarah de Saeger; Tim Birr; Joseph-Alexander Verreet; Frank Sönnichsen. 2019. "Evaluation of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins in Complex Feed Matrices." Toxins 11, no. 9: 531.