Human has been evolving in a natural environment over a long time; thus, he is habitual to adapt it. Green spaces are obligatory landscapes in an urban structure that provide a natural environment and accelerate other life events. In contrast, unplanned urbanization, and conversion from green to grey structures have damaged natural environmental resources. Studies through different angles have highlighted the importance of urban green spaces for human well-being but now need to identify their role according to the potential. The demands of urban green spaces may differ with the change of population size, types of grey structure, urban expansion, the altitude of the place, and geographical location. Therefore, this systematic review aims to analyse the significance of urban green spaces for human well-being. The study opted for a systematic process during the selection and organization of studies for this review. After analysing, 46 studies were finalized with the consensus of three review authors. Accordingly, literature was analysed under the central theme of “Urban Green Spaces for Human Well-being.” Human Well-being was assessed under six sub-themes; physical, psychological, mental, social, subjective, and environmental well-being. The review concluded that urban green spaces are the primary pillar for a sustainable urban place and human well-being due to highly positive and positive correlations. Moreover, the study did not find any demarcation line between green spaces and grey structures according to any specific need. Therefore, the study suggested that the role of urban green spaces for human well-being should be analysed according to their potential and required optimal ratio under different communities’ urban specific environments and social behaviour.

Malaria is still an endemic disease of public health importance in Malaysia. Populations at risk of contracting malaria includes indigenous people, traditional villagers, mobile ethnic groups and land scheme settlers, immigrants from malaria endemic countries as well as jungle workers and loggers. The predominant species are Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. An increasing number of P. knowlesi infections have also been encountered. The principal vectors in Peninsular Malaysia are Anopheles maculatus and An. cracens. This study aims to determine the changes in spatial distribution of malaria in Peninsular Malaysia from year 2000–2009.

Caesarean delivery (C-section) rates have been increasing dramatically in the past decades around the world. This increase has been attributed to multiple factors such as maternal, socio-demographic and institutional factors and is a burning issue of global aspect like in many developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between mode of delivery and time to event with provider characteristics (i.e., covariates) respectively. The study is based on a total of 1142 delivery cases from four private and four public hospitals maternity wards. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were the statistical tools of the present study. The logistic regression of multivariate analysis indicated that the risk of having a previous C-section, prolonged labour, higher educational level, mother age 25 years and above, lower order of birth, length of baby more than 45 cm and irregular intake of balanced diet were significantly predict for C-section. With regard to survival time, using the Cox model, fetal distress, previous C-section, mother’s age, age at marriage and order of birth were also the most independent risk factors for C-section. By the forward stepwise selection, the study reveals that the most common factors were previous C-section, mother’s age and order of birth in both analysis. As shown in the above results, the study suggests that these factors may influence the health-seeking behaviour of women. Findings suggest that program and policies need to address the increase rate of caesarean delivery in Northern region of Bangladesh. Also, for determinant of risk factors, the result of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that logistic model is an efficient model.

Geography learning process can be done both indoor and outdoor. Geography learning can provide new findings/ concepts from a natural phenomenon which exists in the field. In order to build an understanding, concept, and even findings; geographer can utilize fieldwork-based geography learning. It is necessary to have a framework that explains the existence of the study location. The purpose of this study is to give space or scope for geography learning which emphasizes fieldwork-based learning in natural laboratories using a smartphone in data collection. The method used is a field survey conducted by determining the location points that will be used as access in field-based geography learning, with a landscape and social approach. After that, it is processed to get routes and learning areas that are ready with smartphones. Furthermore, it is applied to students to carry out field-based learning using smartphones. The result of this study shows some areas that can be used as fieldwork by using a smartphone during a field survey. There are 15 spots recorded on smartphone that can be used as geography learning fieldwork. Learners can do observation, measurements, interview about natural and social landscape in these areas. Fieldwork-based learning in Sumbermanjing Wetan has its estimation in leaning based on the aims. Besides, things like funding, licensing, and the security of the learning areas should be paid attention, in order to reach the learning outcome. It is also need a preliminary survey or observation to be able to estimate fieldwork leaning areas in Sumbermanjing Wetan district.

Dengue is a major mosquito-borne disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide, with entomological surveillance and control activities as the key management approaches. This study aimed to explore the spatial dispersal of the vector Aedes albopictus, captured by the modified sticky ovitrap (MSO) in residential areas with low-rise buildings in Selangor, Malaysia. Distribution maps were created and shown as temporally distinguished classes based on hotspot analysis by Getis-Ord; spatial autocorrelation assessed by semivariograms using the exponential Kernel function; and universal Kriging showing areas with estimated high and low vector densities. Distribution, hotspot and interpolated maps were analysed based on the total number of mosquitoes by month and week. All maps in the present study were generated and visualised in ArcMap. Spatial autocorrelation of Ae. albopictus based on the monthly occurrence of Ae. albopictus was found in March, April, October, November and December 2018, and when based on the weekly numbers, in weeks 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 42, 49 and 52. Semivariograms, based on the monthly and weekly numbers of Ae. albopictus, indicated spatial autocorrelation of the species extending between 50 and 70 m. The mosquito density maps reported in this study may provide beneficial information to facilitate implementation of more efficient entomological control activities.